12.1 Advantages and Attainments
245
charge injection of salt salvation effect the same on the O:H nonbond elongation,
H–O contraction and nonbonding electron polarization.
(7) ZPS resolves the spin-degenerated sublevel relative shift and correction of the
charging effect (Sects. 6.3 and 6.8);
(8) ZPS distills energy states for the monolayer skin, point defects, adatoms, and
terrance and nanoribbon edges.
The ZPS requires no critical background correction but spectral peak area normalization. Inaccurate background correction results in only slight quantitative deviation
without rendering the nature and trend behind observations. Spectral area normalization compensates for the anisotropy of photoemission caused by photoelectron
diffraction as the anisotropy affects only the peak intensity instead of the peak energy.
APECS and XAS resolve simultaneously the energy shifts of two energy levels.
One is the upper valence band and the other is a core band. The energy shift of the
Auger parameter equals twice that of the upper band instead of the average shift of
both the valence and the core band, as conventionally thought. An extended Wagner
plot reveals information of the screening effect on the two levels and the chemical
effect on the respective shift.
On the base of electron spectrometrics, we have learnt the following:
(1) The skin of a solid consisting of at most three atomic layers forms such a phase
that the interatomic bonds are shorter and stronger and the charge and energy
are denser while the atomic cohesive energy is generally lower compared to the
bulk interior. The energy density and BE shift determine the performance of the
under-coordinated and the hetero-coordinated systems.
(2) Defects, adatoms, terrace edges, grain boundaries, and nanostructures share
the common origin of atomic undercoordination. One atomic neighbor shortage
makes a great difference in performance for the even undercoordinated atoms—
polarization dominance at sites with fewer nearest neighbors than that in the flat
skin, which is of use in modulating band gap, work function, electroaffinity, and
the emissibility of electrons and photons.
(3) Pt adatom and Cu/Pd alloy serve as acceptor-type catalysts because of the dominance of entrapment while Rh adatoms and Ag/Pd alloy as donor-type catalysts
due to the dominance of polarization. Under coordinated Co, Ni, and Re atoms
exhibit entrapment dominance while W, Au, Ag, and Cu manifest polarization
dominance. Dominance of entrapment or polarization may provide guidelines
for catalysts design and diagnosis.
(4) Graphitic Dirac-Fermi polaritons result from the isolation and polarization of the
dangling σ bond electrons by the densely locally entrapped bonding electrons
surrounding the defects and at the zigzag edges of nanoribbon, which may
extend to single-atom catalysis, thermal electronics, and superconductors with
the dominance of strong local polarization.
(5) The high interface energy density and charge polarization entitles Be/W to protect fusion radiation, which may help in searching and fabricating such devices
for nuclear industry.
245
charge injection of salt salvation effect the same on the O:H nonbond elongation,
H–O contraction and nonbonding electron polarization.
(7) ZPS resolves the spin-degenerated sublevel relative shift and correction of the
charging effect (Sects. 6.3 and 6.8);
(8) ZPS distills energy states for the monolayer skin, point defects, adatoms, and
terrance and nanoribbon edges.
The ZPS requires no critical background correction but spectral peak area normalization. Inaccurate background correction results in only slight quantitative deviation
without rendering the nature and trend behind observations. Spectral area normalization compensates for the anisotropy of photoemission caused by photoelectron
diffraction as the anisotropy affects only the peak intensity instead of the peak energy.
APECS and XAS resolve simultaneously the energy shifts of two energy levels.
One is the upper valence band and the other is a core band. The energy shift of the
Auger parameter equals twice that of the upper band instead of the average shift of
both the valence and the core band, as conventionally thought. An extended Wagner
plot reveals information of the screening effect on the two levels and the chemical
effect on the respective shift.
On the base of electron spectrometrics, we have learnt the following:
(1) The skin of a solid consisting of at most three atomic layers forms such a phase
that the interatomic bonds are shorter and stronger and the charge and energy
are denser while the atomic cohesive energy is generally lower compared to the
bulk interior. The energy density and BE shift determine the performance of the
under-coordinated and the hetero-coordinated systems.
(2) Defects, adatoms, terrace edges, grain boundaries, and nanostructures share
the common origin of atomic undercoordination. One atomic neighbor shortage
makes a great difference in performance for the even undercoordinated atoms—
polarization dominance at sites with fewer nearest neighbors than that in the flat
skin, which is of use in modulating band gap, work function, electroaffinity, and
the emissibility of electrons and photons.
(3) Pt adatom and Cu/Pd alloy serve as acceptor-type catalysts because of the dominance of entrapment while Rh adatoms and Ag/Pd alloy as donor-type catalysts
due to the dominance of polarization. Under coordinated Co, Ni, and Re atoms
exhibit entrapment dominance while W, Au, Ag, and Cu manifest polarization
dominance. Dominance of entrapment or polarization may provide guidelines
for catalysts design and diagnosis.
(4) Graphitic Dirac-Fermi polaritons result from the isolation and polarization of the
dangling σ bond electrons by the densely locally entrapped bonding electrons
surrounding the defects and at the zigzag edges of nanoribbon, which may
extend to single-atom catalysis, thermal electronics, and superconductors with
the dominance of strong local polarization.
(5) The high interface energy density and charge polarization entitles Be/W to protect fusion radiation, which may help in searching and fabricating such devices
for nuclear industry.