192
Ö. Akay et al.
which provide both job opportunities and quality living standards, and enable them to
be examined in the same cluster. Trabzon, Ankara, Izmir and Sakarya provinces are
examined in a cluster by themselves in terms of housing demand. The most important reasons why the expatriate Turks prefer Trabzon in their housing investments
are the cool and rainy climate and natural beauties, besides the green nature, housing
prices are cheaper compared to provinces such as Istanbul and Antalya, and ease
of transportation due to the fact that there is an airport in Trabzon. In addition, the
most important reason for the expatriate Turks’ housing investments in Ankara is the
high potential of Ankara’s industry, transportation, industry, education and technical,
political, tourism, culture and arts.
On the other hand, Izmir is one of the most preferred cities in terms of housing
investment and tourism for expatriate Turks living in Europe. The most important
reason why expats prefer 2 + 1 or 3 + 1 house types is that they want to settle in Izmir
after their retirement. Thanks to the junctions of the transportation roads belonging to
the province of Sakarya and the developing industry, external and internal migrations
go on. It is estimated that one million people will live in Sakarya, the shining star of
Marmara Region.
Because thermal tourism is important for health, expats demand housing from
these places. On the other hand, the real estate sector, which is faced with interest
rates, rising costs and exchange rate pressures, Aydın, Bursa, Other Provinces,
Mersin, Mugla and Yalova receives high demand from expatriates. Expatriate Turks
working abroad and earning foreign exchange make their real estate investments in
various cities of Turkey, where they come for holiday.
As shown in Table 18.5, for foreign resident housing demand data set in Turkey,
while cluster validity indices of Silhouette (0.7707) and Tau (0.6301) index values
propose the optimal number of cluster as three, Cindex (0.0037), Dunn (0.3495) and
Gplus (0.0041) indices suggest the optimum number of clusters as 9. Considering
that the number of clusters envisaged for the study will be 9, the appropriate number
of clusters is taken as 9. The distribution of countries in clusters for 9 clusters;
1st Cluster: Other Countries, Iraq, Kuwait, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia.
2nd Cluster: China, Qatar, Yemen.
3rd Cluster: Belgium.
4th Cluster: United Arab Emirates, Egypt.
5th Cluster: Jordan.
6th Cluster: Libya, Ukraine.
7th Cluster: Netherlands.
8th Cluster: Norway.
9th Cluster: Afghanistan, Germany, Azerbaijan, Iran, England, Sweden, Kazakhstan as obtained. Comment of Clustering for Foreign Countries;
The housing demand of the five countries in the first cluster and the seven countries
in the ninth cluster was determined to be for investment and holiday purposes. In
previous years, Afghans who were not seen among countries purchasing houses the
most in Turkey, according to the 2016 TSI data, with the purchase of 1623 housings
in Turkey are in fifth place in the top 10 most purchases.
Ö. Akay et al.
which provide both job opportunities and quality living standards, and enable them to
be examined in the same cluster. Trabzon, Ankara, Izmir and Sakarya provinces are
examined in a cluster by themselves in terms of housing demand. The most important reasons why the expatriate Turks prefer Trabzon in their housing investments
are the cool and rainy climate and natural beauties, besides the green nature, housing
prices are cheaper compared to provinces such as Istanbul and Antalya, and ease
of transportation due to the fact that there is an airport in Trabzon. In addition, the
most important reason for the expatriate Turks’ housing investments in Ankara is the
high potential of Ankara’s industry, transportation, industry, education and technical,
political, tourism, culture and arts.
On the other hand, Izmir is one of the most preferred cities in terms of housing
investment and tourism for expatriate Turks living in Europe. The most important
reason why expats prefer 2 + 1 or 3 + 1 house types is that they want to settle in Izmir
after their retirement. Thanks to the junctions of the transportation roads belonging to
the province of Sakarya and the developing industry, external and internal migrations
go on. It is estimated that one million people will live in Sakarya, the shining star of
Marmara Region.
Because thermal tourism is important for health, expats demand housing from
these places. On the other hand, the real estate sector, which is faced with interest
rates, rising costs and exchange rate pressures, Aydın, Bursa, Other Provinces,
Mersin, Mugla and Yalova receives high demand from expatriates. Expatriate Turks
working abroad and earning foreign exchange make their real estate investments in
various cities of Turkey, where they come for holiday.
As shown in Table 18.5, for foreign resident housing demand data set in Turkey,
while cluster validity indices of Silhouette (0.7707) and Tau (0.6301) index values
propose the optimal number of cluster as three, Cindex (0.0037), Dunn (0.3495) and
Gplus (0.0041) indices suggest the optimum number of clusters as 9. Considering
that the number of clusters envisaged for the study will be 9, the appropriate number
of clusters is taken as 9. The distribution of countries in clusters for 9 clusters;
1st Cluster: Other Countries, Iraq, Kuwait, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia.
2nd Cluster: China, Qatar, Yemen.
3rd Cluster: Belgium.
4th Cluster: United Arab Emirates, Egypt.
5th Cluster: Jordan.
6th Cluster: Libya, Ukraine.
7th Cluster: Netherlands.
8th Cluster: Norway.
9th Cluster: Afghanistan, Germany, Azerbaijan, Iran, England, Sweden, Kazakhstan as obtained. Comment of Clustering for Foreign Countries;
The housing demand of the five countries in the first cluster and the seven countries
in the ninth cluster was determined to be for investment and holiday purposes. In
previous years, Afghans who were not seen among countries purchasing houses the
most in Turkey, according to the 2016 TSI data, with the purchase of 1623 housings
in Turkey are in fifth place in the top 10 most purchases.