162
M. N. Yahya et al.
pipes are placed underground at the upper (higher) end of the furrows instead of
field channels. Supply gates are sometimes used at the point of flow. The gates are
of small sizes, easily adjustable and are quite convenient for controlling the supply
in the furrows. A collection basin is usually provided at the tail ends of the furrows
to collect water for reuse.
Like border strips, the furrow method is classified into two based on the topographical nature of the field: Straight furrows and contour furrows (Kumar and Vishal
Kumar 2012; Arora 2014).
16.2.3.1 Design Consideration
(1) Width and depth of furrows
(2) Length of furrows
(3) Slope of furrows
(4) Spacing of furrows
(5) Discharge (Kumar and Vishal Kumar 2012; Arora 2014).
16.2.4 Sprinkler Irrigation Method
In sprinkler irrigation (sometimes called overhead irrigation), water is supplied to
the field from the main source through the sub-main, the laterals, the risers and out of
the sprinkler head, all with the help of additional pressure (1–4 kg/cm
2 ) (Kumar and
Vishal Kumar 2012). This method resembles light rainfall. It is the most aesthetic
of all irrigation systems. Sprinkler irrigation can be used for almost all crops and
most soils (NRCS 2016). For soil with very low infiltration rate, sprinkler systems
are not advised. Sprinkler systems are particularly suitable for sandy soils and irregular topography. A professionally designed and managed sprinkler system results
in a higher water efficiency, better water management, and increased crop yield.
Product quality is also increased and about 15% of more land is available compared
to surface irrigation methods. However, the initial investment in sprinkler system is
exceptionally high compared to any surface irrigation method. Notwithstanding, in
places of high wind, the water distribution is not uniform and evaporation increases
(Phocaides 2007).
Sprinkler systems are of types: based on method of application, the sprinkler is
divided into (i) fixed nozzles, (ii) perforated type, and (iii) rotating nozzles. The fixed
nozzles are the oldest, where the nozzle is fixed on a vertical pipe called the riser
and sprays in one direction. The perforated type is a pipe with number of small holes
drilled along the side of the pipe with a pressure between 0.8 and 3 kg/cm
2 . The
rotating nozzles are the most recently used with a pressure range of 2–7 kg/cm
2 .
For sprinkler system based on portability, these include, (i) mobile sprinkler systems
which can be completely moved around the field or from one field to another. (ii)
Semi-mobile system has its main line completely buried underground and the lateral
M. N. Yahya et al.
pipes are placed underground at the upper (higher) end of the furrows instead of
field channels. Supply gates are sometimes used at the point of flow. The gates are
of small sizes, easily adjustable and are quite convenient for controlling the supply
in the furrows. A collection basin is usually provided at the tail ends of the furrows
to collect water for reuse.
Like border strips, the furrow method is classified into two based on the topographical nature of the field: Straight furrows and contour furrows (Kumar and Vishal
Kumar 2012; Arora 2014).
16.2.3.1 Design Consideration
(1) Width and depth of furrows
(2) Length of furrows
(3) Slope of furrows
(4) Spacing of furrows
(5) Discharge (Kumar and Vishal Kumar 2012; Arora 2014).
16.2.4 Sprinkler Irrigation Method
In sprinkler irrigation (sometimes called overhead irrigation), water is supplied to
the field from the main source through the sub-main, the laterals, the risers and out of
the sprinkler head, all with the help of additional pressure (1–4 kg/cm
2 ) (Kumar and
Vishal Kumar 2012). This method resembles light rainfall. It is the most aesthetic
of all irrigation systems. Sprinkler irrigation can be used for almost all crops and
most soils (NRCS 2016). For soil with very low infiltration rate, sprinkler systems
are not advised. Sprinkler systems are particularly suitable for sandy soils and irregular topography. A professionally designed and managed sprinkler system results
in a higher water efficiency, better water management, and increased crop yield.
Product quality is also increased and about 15% of more land is available compared
to surface irrigation methods. However, the initial investment in sprinkler system is
exceptionally high compared to any surface irrigation method. Notwithstanding, in
places of high wind, the water distribution is not uniform and evaporation increases
(Phocaides 2007).
Sprinkler systems are of types: based on method of application, the sprinkler is
divided into (i) fixed nozzles, (ii) perforated type, and (iii) rotating nozzles. The fixed
nozzles are the oldest, where the nozzle is fixed on a vertical pipe called the riser
and sprays in one direction. The perforated type is a pipe with number of small holes
drilled along the side of the pipe with a pressure between 0.8 and 3 kg/cm
2 . The
rotating nozzles are the most recently used with a pressure range of 2–7 kg/cm
2 .
For sprinkler system based on portability, these include, (i) mobile sprinkler systems
which can be completely moved around the field or from one field to another. (ii)
Semi-mobile system has its main line completely buried underground and the lateral