130
M. Al Muhisen et al.
1. Rain water: The main source of groundwater is rain water, where part of this
water is gathered along the earth’s surface so that rivers may form, while some of
it is filtered through the pores and cracks of the earth and gathered underground
into a fixed reservoir form which is then transformed into water basins.
2. Mineral and Sulfur Water: Some lakes or rivers leak nearby, so the water is then
gathered into basins underground and remains locked. These basins cannot be
accessed or exploited except by drilling wells.
3. Magmatic Water: This type of water ascends the top following the various
crystallization phases of the magma.
4. Connate Water: It is the water that accompanies the formation of sediments in
the early stages and is trapped between their parts and pores (Mukherji and Shah
2005).
Groundwater is found at the top of the earth’s crust, also known as the rocky silt
area, and it is divided into two components:
1. Ventilation Range: It includes the higher portion of the rocky regions and the
majority of rock voids are occupied with air and partially holds some water.
2. Saturation Range: It comes right after the ventilation range, towards the bottom,
where the rock pores are occupied with water referred to as groundwater. The
higher surface of the saturation range is referred to as (Water Table).
Modern science has been able to identify the amount of fresh groundwater
throughout the universe, which is considered to be much larger than that available on
the earth’s surface. Groundwater is responsible for an estimated 98% of the world’s
total fresh water, with the exception of glaciers. While the fresh waters which are
represented by fresh rivers and lakes, streams and the atmospheric clouds do not
exceed 2%. Additionally, groundwater accounts for almost 0.6% of the total water
on the planet, including fresh and saline waters. Notably, the groundwater may be
renewable and flowing under the earth’s surface while forming a network of sewers
and rivers where the water maintains its levels, despite the constant consumption of
the water, which is constantly recharged with rainwater that keeps falling or from
the seepage of the rivers and lakes through the soil which accesses the groundwater.
Contrarily, the ground water may not be renewable and could gradually decrease as
it is consumed, where these waters are often below the surface which have accumulated underground in earlier centuries and rainy eras and lack any connections to
renewable water sources. This type of groundwater has distinct characteristics from
other forms of groundwater due to its presence in the ground for a long time, and
these characteristics include high temperature and increase content of salts as well as
dissolved gases, which is called hot mineral water. In some cases, it isn’t necessary
to excavate wells so that the groundwater can appear, it may explode in the form of
fountains and springs as a result of increased pressure in the ground or crust pressure
in the region. Water may flow from the fountain in the form of a waterfall due to the
increased pressure applied onto the water or the pressure is reduced and the flowing
water seeps onto the earth’s surface and is drained into the watermills that crack and
split waters. This water, which may be hot, derives its heat from the high height of
M. Al Muhisen et al.
1. Rain water: The main source of groundwater is rain water, where part of this
water is gathered along the earth’s surface so that rivers may form, while some of
it is filtered through the pores and cracks of the earth and gathered underground
into a fixed reservoir form which is then transformed into water basins.
2. Mineral and Sulfur Water: Some lakes or rivers leak nearby, so the water is then
gathered into basins underground and remains locked. These basins cannot be
accessed or exploited except by drilling wells.
3. Magmatic Water: This type of water ascends the top following the various
crystallization phases of the magma.
4. Connate Water: It is the water that accompanies the formation of sediments in
the early stages and is trapped between their parts and pores (Mukherji and Shah
2005).
Groundwater is found at the top of the earth’s crust, also known as the rocky silt
area, and it is divided into two components:
1. Ventilation Range: It includes the higher portion of the rocky regions and the
majority of rock voids are occupied with air and partially holds some water.
2. Saturation Range: It comes right after the ventilation range, towards the bottom,
where the rock pores are occupied with water referred to as groundwater. The
higher surface of the saturation range is referred to as (Water Table).
Modern science has been able to identify the amount of fresh groundwater
throughout the universe, which is considered to be much larger than that available on
the earth’s surface. Groundwater is responsible for an estimated 98% of the world’s
total fresh water, with the exception of glaciers. While the fresh waters which are
represented by fresh rivers and lakes, streams and the atmospheric clouds do not
exceed 2%. Additionally, groundwater accounts for almost 0.6% of the total water
on the planet, including fresh and saline waters. Notably, the groundwater may be
renewable and flowing under the earth’s surface while forming a network of sewers
and rivers where the water maintains its levels, despite the constant consumption of
the water, which is constantly recharged with rainwater that keeps falling or from
the seepage of the rivers and lakes through the soil which accesses the groundwater.
Contrarily, the ground water may not be renewable and could gradually decrease as
it is consumed, where these waters are often below the surface which have accumulated underground in earlier centuries and rainy eras and lack any connections to
renewable water sources. This type of groundwater has distinct characteristics from
other forms of groundwater due to its presence in the ground for a long time, and
these characteristics include high temperature and increase content of salts as well as
dissolved gases, which is called hot mineral water. In some cases, it isn’t necessary
to excavate wells so that the groundwater can appear, it may explode in the form of
fountains and springs as a result of increased pressure in the ground or crust pressure
in the region. Water may flow from the fountain in the form of a waterfall due to the
increased pressure applied onto the water or the pressure is reduced and the flowing
water seeps onto the earth’s surface and is drained into the watermills that crack and
split waters. This water, which may be hot, derives its heat from the high height of