128
M. Al Muhisen et al.
evaluated through the utilization of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (APH) method,
which will concentrate on the following five factors; coal ash, manufacturing storage
reservoirs, Arsenic, agriculture, ad seawater disturbance.
Keywords Polluted · Ecosystem · Wastewater · Water supplies · Ground water ·
Analytical hierarchy process
14.1 Introduction
Throughout the world, the issue surrounding the groundwater quality disputes has
been increasing being that the pollution of subsurface water has turned into a prevalent
issue (De Chaisemartin et al. 2017). Some of the issues on this matter include reports
of pollution through coal ash (Lutey 2018), manufacturing storage containers (Baker
2018), seawater intrusion (Johnson 2018), arsenic (Pakianathan 2018), as well as
cultivation (Bergquist 2018).
From outer space, the universe can be seen as a blue ball covered in water, with
small and large islands scattered everywhere and as a result, the Earth has been
referred to as the blue planet. The Earth is covered by a vast amount of water with a
water body surface of approximately 71% and a volume of almost 1.973 billion cubic
meters. Additionally, saline water accounts for approximately 97% of the overall
water capacity found in oceans, seas, ponds, rivers and canals. The remaining 3%
represents the freshwater, which is concentrated in some lakes, rivers and ponds.
Additionally, the underground waters of the Arctic make up for the largest portion
of fresh water that is available for human use, and representing about 1.6% of the
total water capacity. Moreover, this percentage is inconsistent, especially with the
inclining salinity ratio in the lakes, as well as the enclosed and semi-closed fresh
water bodies, whose waters are linked to the saline seawater unilaterally (Mukherji
and Shah 2005).
Due to the major existence of wide water bodies, there is a broad variety of water
sources on Earth’s surface, nevertheless, water can be classified according to its
natural source as follows:
1. Ocean and sea waters
2. Rain water
3. River waters
4. Lakes/ponds
5. Groundwater
6. Mineral and hot waters
Controversially, scientists have classified the types of water based on its nature
and components into two main types, and they are as follows;
1. Purified Water: this type of water is found on Earth’s surface where it is instantly
available for consumption, and in turn it is divided according to its salinity into:
a. Saline Water; which contains high concentrations of evaporated mineral salts.
Oceans and seas are the main source for salt-waters.
M. Al Muhisen et al.
evaluated through the utilization of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (APH) method,
which will concentrate on the following five factors; coal ash, manufacturing storage
reservoirs, Arsenic, agriculture, ad seawater disturbance.
Keywords Polluted · Ecosystem · Wastewater · Water supplies · Ground water ·
Analytical hierarchy process
14.1 Introduction
Throughout the world, the issue surrounding the groundwater quality disputes has
been increasing being that the pollution of subsurface water has turned into a prevalent
issue (De Chaisemartin et al. 2017). Some of the issues on this matter include reports
of pollution through coal ash (Lutey 2018), manufacturing storage containers (Baker
2018), seawater intrusion (Johnson 2018), arsenic (Pakianathan 2018), as well as
cultivation (Bergquist 2018).
From outer space, the universe can be seen as a blue ball covered in water, with
small and large islands scattered everywhere and as a result, the Earth has been
referred to as the blue planet. The Earth is covered by a vast amount of water with a
water body surface of approximately 71% and a volume of almost 1.973 billion cubic
meters. Additionally, saline water accounts for approximately 97% of the overall
water capacity found in oceans, seas, ponds, rivers and canals. The remaining 3%
represents the freshwater, which is concentrated in some lakes, rivers and ponds.
Additionally, the underground waters of the Arctic make up for the largest portion
of fresh water that is available for human use, and representing about 1.6% of the
total water capacity. Moreover, this percentage is inconsistent, especially with the
inclining salinity ratio in the lakes, as well as the enclosed and semi-closed fresh
water bodies, whose waters are linked to the saline seawater unilaterally (Mukherji
and Shah 2005).
Due to the major existence of wide water bodies, there is a broad variety of water
sources on Earth’s surface, nevertheless, water can be classified according to its
natural source as follows:
1. Ocean and sea waters
2. Rain water
3. River waters
4. Lakes/ponds
5. Groundwater
6. Mineral and hot waters
Controversially, scientists have classified the types of water based on its nature
and components into two main types, and they are as follows;
1. Purified Water: this type of water is found on Earth’s surface where it is instantly
available for consumption, and in turn it is divided according to its salinity into:
a. Saline Water; which contains high concentrations of evaporated mineral salts.
Oceans and seas are the main source for salt-waters.