11 Ranking of Natural Wastewater Treatment Techniques …
99
Table 11.5 S j and R j indexes
of the natural wastewater
treatment methods
Alternatives
S i
R i
Stabilization pond
0.0576
0.0320
Constructed wetland
0.3697
0.1280
Use of aquatic plants
0.4545
0.1280
Soil filters
0.4111
0.1280
Reuse of wastewater for irrigation
0.8401
0.1280
Table 11.6 Ranking results
of the natural wastewater
treatment methods
Rank
Alternatives
Q i
1
Stabilization pond
0.0000
2
Constructed wetland
0.6994
3
Soil filters
0.7259
4
Use of aquatic plants
0.7536
5
Reuse of wastewater for irrigation
1.0000
References
Akber A, Mukhopadhyay A, Al-Senafy M, Al-Haddad A, Al-Awadi E, Al-Qallaf H (2008) Feasibility of long-term irrigation as a treatment method for municipal wastewater using natural soil
in Kuwait. Agric Water Manag 95(3):233–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.09.015
Bottero M, Comino E, Riggio V (2011) Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the
Analytic Network Process for the assessment of different wastewater treatment systems. Environ
Model Softw 26(10):1211–1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.04.002
Corcoran E, Nelleman C, Baker E, Bos R, Osborn D, Savelli H (2010) Sick water? The central role
of wastewater management in sustainable development. Water. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230011-0140-x
Crites RW, Middlebrooks EJ, Bastian RK (2014b) Natural wastewater treatment systems (2nd edn)
https://doi.org/10.1201/b16637
Crites RW, Middlebrooks EJ, Reed SC (2006) Natural wastewater treatment systems. In: Natural
wastewater treatment systems. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16637-2
Duan R, Fedler CB (2010) Performance of a combined natural wastewater treatment system in west
texas. J Irrig Drain Eng 136(3):204–209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000154
Dubey AK, Sahu O (2014) Review on natural methods for waste water treatment. J Urban Environ
Eng 8(1):89–97. https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2014.v8n1.089097
Duckstein L, Opricovic S (1980) Multiobjective optimization in river basin development. Water
Resour Res 16(1):14–20
Gersberg RM, Elkins BV, Lyon SR, Goldman CR (1986) Role of aquatic plants in wastewater treatment by artificial wetlands. Water Res 20(3):363–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(86)900
85-0
Gichamo T, Gökçeku¸ s H (2019) Interrelation between climate change and solid waste. J Environ
Pollut Contr 2(1):1–7
Gichamo T, Gökçeku¸ s H, Ozsahin DU, Gelete G, Uzun B (2020) Evaluation of different natural
wastewater treatment alternatives by fuzzy PROMETHEE method. Desalin Water Treatm
177(May 2019):400–407. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25049
Ho L, Echelpoel W, Van Charalambous P, Gordillo APL, Thas O, Goethals P (2018) Statisticallybased comparison of the removal efficiencies and resilience capacities between conventional and
99
Table 11.5 S j and R j indexes
of the natural wastewater
treatment methods
Alternatives
S i
R i
Stabilization pond
0.0576
0.0320
Constructed wetland
0.3697
0.1280
Use of aquatic plants
0.4545
0.1280
Soil filters
0.4111
0.1280
Reuse of wastewater for irrigation
0.8401
0.1280
Table 11.6 Ranking results
of the natural wastewater
treatment methods
Rank
Alternatives
Q i
1
Stabilization pond
0.0000
2
Constructed wetland
0.6994
3
Soil filters
0.7259
4
Use of aquatic plants
0.7536
5
Reuse of wastewater for irrigation
1.0000
References
Akber A, Mukhopadhyay A, Al-Senafy M, Al-Haddad A, Al-Awadi E, Al-Qallaf H (2008) Feasibility of long-term irrigation as a treatment method for municipal wastewater using natural soil
in Kuwait. Agric Water Manag 95(3):233–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.09.015
Bottero M, Comino E, Riggio V (2011) Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the
Analytic Network Process for the assessment of different wastewater treatment systems. Environ
Model Softw 26(10):1211–1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.04.002
Corcoran E, Nelleman C, Baker E, Bos R, Osborn D, Savelli H (2010) Sick water? The central role
of wastewater management in sustainable development. Water. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230011-0140-x
Crites RW, Middlebrooks EJ, Bastian RK (2014b) Natural wastewater treatment systems (2nd edn)
https://doi.org/10.1201/b16637
Crites RW, Middlebrooks EJ, Reed SC (2006) Natural wastewater treatment systems. In: Natural
wastewater treatment systems. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16637-2
Duan R, Fedler CB (2010) Performance of a combined natural wastewater treatment system in west
texas. J Irrig Drain Eng 136(3):204–209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000154
Dubey AK, Sahu O (2014) Review on natural methods for waste water treatment. J Urban Environ
Eng 8(1):89–97. https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2014.v8n1.089097
Duckstein L, Opricovic S (1980) Multiobjective optimization in river basin development. Water
Resour Res 16(1):14–20
Gersberg RM, Elkins BV, Lyon SR, Goldman CR (1986) Role of aquatic plants in wastewater treatment by artificial wetlands. Water Res 20(3):363–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(86)900
85-0
Gichamo T, Gökçeku¸ s H (2019) Interrelation between climate change and solid waste. J Environ
Pollut Contr 2(1):1–7
Gichamo T, Gökçeku¸ s H, Ozsahin DU, Gelete G, Uzun B (2020) Evaluation of different natural
wastewater treatment alternatives by fuzzy PROMETHEE method. Desalin Water Treatm
177(May 2019):400–407. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25049
Ho L, Echelpoel W, Van Charalambous P, Gordillo APL, Thas O, Goethals P (2018) Statisticallybased comparison of the removal efficiencies and resilience capacities between conventional and