plantations, oil palm), 9.4 t CO 2 –C ha
À1 year
À1 (for cropland, paddy rice), 2 t CO 2 –
C ha
À1 year
À1 (for peatland managed for extraction), and 1.5 t CO 2 –C ha
À1 year
À1
(for plantations, shallow-drained (typically less than 0.3 m) and used for agriculture,
e.g. sago palm). While “emission from dissolved organic carbon exported from
drained organic soils” can be used as a default value of 0.82 t CO 2 -C ha
À1 year
À1
for the tropics. More studies are needed to complement existing data toward achieving a reliable estimate of CO 2 emission in drainage tropical peatlands.
15.3.1.2 Methane (CH 4 ) Emission
CH 4 emission can occur from the drained soil surfaces, from the drainage networks
constructed so the total area affected consists of the drainage network area and the
area affected (drained) outside the drainage network. The default values of CH 4
emission factors that can be used to calculate emission from the drained soil surface
for tropical peatlands (IPCC 2014) are: 143.5 kg CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for rice), 26.2 kg
CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for plantations, sago palm), 7 kg CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for grasslands), 4.9 kg CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for forestland/shrubland), and 2.7 kg
CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for plantations). While the emission that occur in the drainage
network can use a default value of emission factor of 2259 kg CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 for
the tropics. Continuous measurement of CH 4 flux needs to be carried out over many
years to assess the net balance of GHG in tropical peatlands.
15.3.1.3 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Emission
Drying peat will result in the release of an amount of N 2 O gas, due to microbiological processes of nitrification and denitrification into N 2 O or N 2 . For the emission
calculations in tropical peatlands, the default values of emission factors (IPCC 2014)
are: 2.4 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for forestland, shrubland), 1.2 kg N 2 O–
N ha
À1 year
À1 (for oil palm plantation), 3.3 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for sago
palm plantation), 5 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for cropland, except rice), 0.4 kg
N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for rice), 5 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for grassland), and
3.6 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for peatland managed for extraction). Continuous
measurement, especially in tropical peatlands used for agriculture with nitrogen
inputs, is important to provide updated information on N 2 O emission.
15.3.1.4 Peat Burning
For peatlands experiencing fires, both CO 2 and non-CO 2 gases will be produced, in
which the level of emission that occur can be measured directly or estimated using
data on the area burned and the default value for the mass of fuel consumed and its
associated emission factors. In general, mass of fuel consumed (peat) for tropical
peatlands (IPCC 2014) are: 353 t d.m. ha
À1 (for wildfires) and 155 t d.m. ha
À1 (for
450
H. Krisnawati et al.
À1 year
À1 (for cropland, paddy rice), 2 t CO 2 –
C ha
À1 year
À1 (for peatland managed for extraction), and 1.5 t CO 2 –C ha
À1 year
À1
(for plantations, shallow-drained (typically less than 0.3 m) and used for agriculture,
e.g. sago palm). While “emission from dissolved organic carbon exported from
drained organic soils” can be used as a default value of 0.82 t CO 2 -C ha
À1 year
À1
for the tropics. More studies are needed to complement existing data toward achieving a reliable estimate of CO 2 emission in drainage tropical peatlands.
15.3.1.2 Methane (CH 4 ) Emission
CH 4 emission can occur from the drained soil surfaces, from the drainage networks
constructed so the total area affected consists of the drainage network area and the
area affected (drained) outside the drainage network. The default values of CH 4
emission factors that can be used to calculate emission from the drained soil surface
for tropical peatlands (IPCC 2014) are: 143.5 kg CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for rice), 26.2 kg
CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for plantations, sago palm), 7 kg CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for grasslands), 4.9 kg CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for forestland/shrubland), and 2.7 kg
CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 (for plantations). While the emission that occur in the drainage
network can use a default value of emission factor of 2259 kg CH 4 ha
À1 year
À1 for
the tropics. Continuous measurement of CH 4 flux needs to be carried out over many
years to assess the net balance of GHG in tropical peatlands.
15.3.1.3 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Emission
Drying peat will result in the release of an amount of N 2 O gas, due to microbiological processes of nitrification and denitrification into N 2 O or N 2 . For the emission
calculations in tropical peatlands, the default values of emission factors (IPCC 2014)
are: 2.4 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for forestland, shrubland), 1.2 kg N 2 O–
N ha
À1 year
À1 (for oil palm plantation), 3.3 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for sago
palm plantation), 5 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for cropland, except rice), 0.4 kg
N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for rice), 5 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for grassland), and
3.6 kg N 2 O–N ha
À1 year
À1 (for peatland managed for extraction). Continuous
measurement, especially in tropical peatlands used for agriculture with nitrogen
inputs, is important to provide updated information on N 2 O emission.
15.3.1.4 Peat Burning
For peatlands experiencing fires, both CO 2 and non-CO 2 gases will be produced, in
which the level of emission that occur can be measured directly or estimated using
data on the area burned and the default value for the mass of fuel consumed and its
associated emission factors. In general, mass of fuel consumed (peat) for tropical
peatlands (IPCC 2014) are: 353 t d.m. ha
À1 (for wildfires) and 155 t d.m. ha
À1 (for
450
H. Krisnawati et al.