oxygen, and beneficial substances based on “Land Surface Management”
(AeroHydro Culture). The strategy to develop a liquid organic fertilizer containing
selected multi-biocatalyst producing PGPR will also be discussed.
Keywords Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) · Plant growthpromoting (PGP) · Decomposer · Land surface management · Liquid organic
biofertilizer (LOB)
9.1 Introduction
The growth and production of plants under natural ecosystems always face various
biotic and abiotic stress. Consequently, plants must be able to adapt quickly through
the development of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry to be able to avoid or
reduce the impact of environmental stress. Peatland environment with specific
characteristics, namely high groundwater level (oxygen deficiency), very low pH
(cation deficiency), and low availability of nutrients in peat materials, is a limiting
factor of peatland use, causing changes in physical, chemical, and biological properties of peatland. When developing peatland for agricultural use, groundwater level
(GWL) should reduce in conventional peatland management, which causes an
increase in peat oxidation to emit a large amount of CO 2 . To protect peat oxidation
by lowering GWL, plants and microbes will overcome this abiotic stress under high
GWL. It is well known that the system symbiosis between microbes and plants under
high abiotic stress has many benefits for plants. Moreover, microbial inoculation in
plants has been widely applied for growth promoters and biocontrol. In fact, the
future biological agent application is successful in overcoming the abiotic stress such
as salinity, drought or flood, high temperatures, heavy metal contamination, and
pathogens. Microbial adaptation to abiotic stress is very complex, which involves
the role of many genes (Srivastava et al. 2008) and is carried out through different
mechanisms between microbes. Recently, several possible mechanisms of microbial
adaptation and its mechanism of interaction with plants have been widely studied.
The mechanisms of bacterial adaptation, namely rhizosphere bacteria, rhizoplane or
endophytes, and their interactions with plants under abiotic stress have also been
reported. However, certain mechanisms and key influencing factors are still unclear.
It has been reported that the tolerance of host plants to abiotic stress is in the form of
habitat-specific microbial interactions (de Zelicourt et al. 2013). In fact, applying
microbial technology in agriculture, such as the utilization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a biofertilizer is highly promising and can be easily
adopted by farmers in developing countries (Ahemad and Kibret 2014).
Microbes interact with plants by the colonization of various microbes in the tissue
and around the roots (Rhizosphere) in the form of a symbiotic, associative, endophytic, or parasitic interaction. This relationship will depend on the type of microbes
and plant–soil nutrient status, aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and soil ecology
(Albareda et al. 2006). Within this scope, more intensive interactions occur between
302
S. Antonius et al.
(AeroHydro Culture). The strategy to develop a liquid organic fertilizer containing
selected multi-biocatalyst producing PGPR will also be discussed.
Keywords Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) · Plant growthpromoting (PGP) · Decomposer · Land surface management · Liquid organic
biofertilizer (LOB)
9.1 Introduction
The growth and production of plants under natural ecosystems always face various
biotic and abiotic stress. Consequently, plants must be able to adapt quickly through
the development of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry to be able to avoid or
reduce the impact of environmental stress. Peatland environment with specific
characteristics, namely high groundwater level (oxygen deficiency), very low pH
(cation deficiency), and low availability of nutrients in peat materials, is a limiting
factor of peatland use, causing changes in physical, chemical, and biological properties of peatland. When developing peatland for agricultural use, groundwater level
(GWL) should reduce in conventional peatland management, which causes an
increase in peat oxidation to emit a large amount of CO 2 . To protect peat oxidation
by lowering GWL, plants and microbes will overcome this abiotic stress under high
GWL. It is well known that the system symbiosis between microbes and plants under
high abiotic stress has many benefits for plants. Moreover, microbial inoculation in
plants has been widely applied for growth promoters and biocontrol. In fact, the
future biological agent application is successful in overcoming the abiotic stress such
as salinity, drought or flood, high temperatures, heavy metal contamination, and
pathogens. Microbial adaptation to abiotic stress is very complex, which involves
the role of many genes (Srivastava et al. 2008) and is carried out through different
mechanisms between microbes. Recently, several possible mechanisms of microbial
adaptation and its mechanism of interaction with plants have been widely studied.
The mechanisms of bacterial adaptation, namely rhizosphere bacteria, rhizoplane or
endophytes, and their interactions with plants under abiotic stress have also been
reported. However, certain mechanisms and key influencing factors are still unclear.
It has been reported that the tolerance of host plants to abiotic stress is in the form of
habitat-specific microbial interactions (de Zelicourt et al. 2013). In fact, applying
microbial technology in agriculture, such as the utilization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a biofertilizer is highly promising and can be easily
adopted by farmers in developing countries (Ahemad and Kibret 2014).
Microbes interact with plants by the colonization of various microbes in the tissue
and around the roots (Rhizosphere) in the form of a symbiotic, associative, endophytic, or parasitic interaction. This relationship will depend on the type of microbes
and plant–soil nutrient status, aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and soil ecology
(Albareda et al. 2006). Within this scope, more intensive interactions occur between
302
S. Antonius et al.