given the irregular flowering and fruiting. In addition, most of the local peatland
trees generally grow slowly. There are some local pioneer tree species that grow
quickly only in nurseries and fields, but it is not easy to find the seed resources in the
field. Therefore, synergism of science and technology from silviculture and tree
breeding field study is necessary to provide mass production of vegetative plant
seedlings and tissue culture.
The benefit function of ECM fungi promotes mineral nutrition and water uptake
from forest soil, and they enhance the protection of roots with barrier mantles against
soil-borne disease and toxic compounds (Brearley 2012; Lee 1998). ECM fungi
have a role as shortcut pathways of mineral nutrient recycling and deposit carbon
from decomposing litter in forest floor (Akema et al. 2009). The stock supply of
ECM effective inoculants is a key factor for restoring local species of trees in
Indonesia’s TPE. High ECM biodiversity is a valuable asset to restore peat forest
functions. However, biodiversity research in peat forests remains very limited.
Molecular biology knowledge is required to identify ECM fungi community in
each tree family. Recently, there is a report from Helbert et al. (2019), who studied
ECM fungi community in pelawan trees (Tristaniopsis spp.) growing in heath forest
of Bangka Island, Indonesia. The report stated that ECM fungal community in the
Myrtaceae family can potentially be used to restore peatland ecosystems in
Dipterocarpaceae species.
Mycorrhizal inoculation has been examined to four fast-growing tree species in
tropical forest of mineral lands. AM colonization improved different growth
response in Paraserianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, Cassia siamea, and
Sesbania grandiflora under nursery conditions (Maulana et al. 2017a). According to
some reports regarding mycorrhizal utilization in TPE, they obtained species of
Shorea balangeran, Dyera polyphylla, Combretocarpus rotundatus, Cratoxylum
arborescens, Melaleuca cajuputi, and Ploiarium alternifolium that can grow well
in the field. Shorea balangeran is indeed dependent to ECM fungi and D. polyphylla
associated with AM fungi that have been reported for their growth response by
Graham et al. (2013), Turjaman et al. (2006, 2011). The application of AM fungi
also increased in Calophyllum hosei, Ploiarium alternifolium (Turjaman et al. 2008),
and Aloe vera (Tawaraya et al. 2007). However, it is appropriate to determine the
need for some pioneer tree species of non-Dipterocarpaceae to be tested for compatibility with those dependent to AM fungi. There are other nitrogen-fixing
microbes such as fungal endophytes found in rhizosphere of forest trees (Maulana
et al. 2017b, 2018). Colonization of root trees by mycorrhizal fungi can enhance the
growth of many tree species that are present in TPE (Tawaraya and Turjaman 2014).
8.4 What Is AeroHydro Culture?
AeroHydro Culture is a restoration technology to enhance the productivity of plants
in the high GWL and flooded peatland conditions. This concept can promote and
increase peatland productivity in Indonesia’s tropical forests. The advantage of
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M. Turjaman and M. Osaki
trees generally grow slowly. There are some local pioneer tree species that grow
quickly only in nurseries and fields, but it is not easy to find the seed resources in the
field. Therefore, synergism of science and technology from silviculture and tree
breeding field study is necessary to provide mass production of vegetative plant
seedlings and tissue culture.
The benefit function of ECM fungi promotes mineral nutrition and water uptake
from forest soil, and they enhance the protection of roots with barrier mantles against
soil-borne disease and toxic compounds (Brearley 2012; Lee 1998). ECM fungi
have a role as shortcut pathways of mineral nutrient recycling and deposit carbon
from decomposing litter in forest floor (Akema et al. 2009). The stock supply of
ECM effective inoculants is a key factor for restoring local species of trees in
Indonesia’s TPE. High ECM biodiversity is a valuable asset to restore peat forest
functions. However, biodiversity research in peat forests remains very limited.
Molecular biology knowledge is required to identify ECM fungi community in
each tree family. Recently, there is a report from Helbert et al. (2019), who studied
ECM fungi community in pelawan trees (Tristaniopsis spp.) growing in heath forest
of Bangka Island, Indonesia. The report stated that ECM fungal community in the
Myrtaceae family can potentially be used to restore peatland ecosystems in
Dipterocarpaceae species.
Mycorrhizal inoculation has been examined to four fast-growing tree species in
tropical forest of mineral lands. AM colonization improved different growth
response in Paraserianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, Cassia siamea, and
Sesbania grandiflora under nursery conditions (Maulana et al. 2017a). According to
some reports regarding mycorrhizal utilization in TPE, they obtained species of
Shorea balangeran, Dyera polyphylla, Combretocarpus rotundatus, Cratoxylum
arborescens, Melaleuca cajuputi, and Ploiarium alternifolium that can grow well
in the field. Shorea balangeran is indeed dependent to ECM fungi and D. polyphylla
associated with AM fungi that have been reported for their growth response by
Graham et al. (2013), Turjaman et al. (2006, 2011). The application of AM fungi
also increased in Calophyllum hosei, Ploiarium alternifolium (Turjaman et al. 2008),
and Aloe vera (Tawaraya et al. 2007). However, it is appropriate to determine the
need for some pioneer tree species of non-Dipterocarpaceae to be tested for compatibility with those dependent to AM fungi. There are other nitrogen-fixing
microbes such as fungal endophytes found in rhizosphere of forest trees (Maulana
et al. 2017b, 2018). Colonization of root trees by mycorrhizal fungi can enhance the
growth of many tree species that are present in TPE (Tawaraya and Turjaman 2014).
8.4 What Is AeroHydro Culture?
AeroHydro Culture is a restoration technology to enhance the productivity of plants
in the high GWL and flooded peatland conditions. This concept can promote and
increase peatland productivity in Indonesia’s tropical forests. The advantage of
290
M. Turjaman and M. Osaki