10 The Largest Accelerators and Colliders of Their Time
655
Table 10.16 Performance reach in 2010 and 2011
Parameter
Unit
2012
2016
2017
Design
Energy
TeV
4
6.5
6.5
7
Bunch intensity
10 10
16
11
12.5
11.5
Bunches per beam
1380
2556
2556
2802
Emittance
μm
2.40
2.3
2.0
3.75
β ∗
m
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.55
Luminosity 1 and 5
cm −2 s −1
7 × 10 33
1.5 × 10 34
2 × 10 34
1 × 10 34
vacuum pump issue condensed as ice on the vacuum beam chamber. In the presence
of very high intensity beams local losses would develop leading to beam dumps.
Fortunately, it was possible to restore operation of the LHC with a low electron
cloud variant of the 25 ns spacing LHC beam [192].
References
1. E. Regenstreif: Report CERN 62-03 (1962).
2. A. Hermann: History of CERN, Vol. I, North-Holland (1987).
3. U. Mersits, in: A. Hermann, et al.: History of CERN, Vol. II, North-Holland (1990)
4. S. Gilardone, D. Manglunki (eds.): Fifty Years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron, CERN2011-004.
5. D. Simon, J.P. Riunaud: Proc. 17th Intern. Conf. High-Energy Accelerators, Accelerator
Catalogue, I. Meshkov (ed.), Dubna (1998), p. 72
6. J. Coupard et al. (eds): LIU TDR Vol 1, CERN–ACC–2014-0337 15 December 2014
7. F. Gerigk, M. Vretenar (eds): LINAC4 TDR, CERN–AB–2006–084 ABP/RF
8. O. Brüning et al. (eds): LHC Design Report Vol. 1, CERN-2004-003
9. M. Giovanni (ed.): Multi Turn Eextraction design report, CERN-2006-011
10. J. Bernhard et al.: Proc. IPAC’18, IPAC2018, Vancouver, Canada doi:10.18429/JACoWIPAC2018-TUPAF023
11. D. Simon: Proc. EPAC, Sitges (1996), p. 295.
12. N.C. Christofilos: unpublished manuscript (1950).
13. E.D. Courant, M.S. Livingston, H.S. Snyder: Phys. Rev. 88 (1952) 1190.
14. G.K. Green: Proc. Intern. Conf. High Energy Accelerators, M.H. Blewett (ed.), Brookhaven
(1961), p. 39.
15. M. Plotkin: Brookhaven Nat. Lab. (1991) report-45058.
16. D.S. Barton: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci NS-30(4) (1983)2787.
17. L. Ahrens: HEACC’92, Intern. J. Mod. Phys. A (Proc. Suppl.) (1993) 109.
18. J.M. Brennan: IEEE Proc. Part. Accel. Conf., New York (1999), p. 614.
19. D.I. Lowenstein: Proc. 17th Intern. Conf. High-Energy Accelerators, Accelerator Catalogue,
I. Meshkov (ed.), Dubna (1998), p. 72.
20. J.M. Brennan: IEEE Part. Accel. Conf., Dallas (1995), p. 1489.
21. K.A. Brown: Proc. IEEE Part. Accel. Conf., Portland (2003), p. 1545.
22. A. Zelenski: Proc. EPAC08, Genoa (2008), p. 1010.
23. Ya.S. Derbenev, A.M. Kondratenko: Sov. Phys. Dokl. 20 (1976) 562. Ya.S. Derbenev, et al.:
Part. Accel. 8 (1978) 115.
24. T. Roser: 8th Intern. Symp. High-Energy Spin Physics, Particle and Fields Series 37,
Minneapolis, MN (1988), p. 1442.
655
Table 10.16 Performance reach in 2010 and 2011
Parameter
Unit
2012
2016
2017
Design
Energy
TeV
4
6.5
6.5
7
Bunch intensity
10 10
16
11
12.5
11.5
Bunches per beam
1380
2556
2556
2802
Emittance
μm
2.40
2.3
2.0
3.75
β ∗
m
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.55
Luminosity 1 and 5
cm −2 s −1
7 × 10 33
1.5 × 10 34
2 × 10 34
1 × 10 34
vacuum pump issue condensed as ice on the vacuum beam chamber. In the presence
of very high intensity beams local losses would develop leading to beam dumps.
Fortunately, it was possible to restore operation of the LHC with a low electron
cloud variant of the 25 ns spacing LHC beam [192].
References
1. E. Regenstreif: Report CERN 62-03 (1962).
2. A. Hermann: History of CERN, Vol. I, North-Holland (1987).
3. U. Mersits, in: A. Hermann, et al.: History of CERN, Vol. II, North-Holland (1990)
4. S. Gilardone, D. Manglunki (eds.): Fifty Years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron, CERN2011-004.
5. D. Simon, J.P. Riunaud: Proc. 17th Intern. Conf. High-Energy Accelerators, Accelerator
Catalogue, I. Meshkov (ed.), Dubna (1998), p. 72
6. J. Coupard et al. (eds): LIU TDR Vol 1, CERN–ACC–2014-0337 15 December 2014
7. F. Gerigk, M. Vretenar (eds): LINAC4 TDR, CERN–AB–2006–084 ABP/RF
8. O. Brüning et al. (eds): LHC Design Report Vol. 1, CERN-2004-003
9. M. Giovanni (ed.): Multi Turn Eextraction design report, CERN-2006-011
10. J. Bernhard et al.: Proc. IPAC’18, IPAC2018, Vancouver, Canada doi:10.18429/JACoWIPAC2018-TUPAF023
11. D. Simon: Proc. EPAC, Sitges (1996), p. 295.
12. N.C. Christofilos: unpublished manuscript (1950).
13. E.D. Courant, M.S. Livingston, H.S. Snyder: Phys. Rev. 88 (1952) 1190.
14. G.K. Green: Proc. Intern. Conf. High Energy Accelerators, M.H. Blewett (ed.), Brookhaven
(1961), p. 39.
15. M. Plotkin: Brookhaven Nat. Lab. (1991) report-45058.
16. D.S. Barton: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci NS-30(4) (1983)2787.
17. L. Ahrens: HEACC’92, Intern. J. Mod. Phys. A (Proc. Suppl.) (1993) 109.
18. J.M. Brennan: IEEE Proc. Part. Accel. Conf., New York (1999), p. 614.
19. D.I. Lowenstein: Proc. 17th Intern. Conf. High-Energy Accelerators, Accelerator Catalogue,
I. Meshkov (ed.), Dubna (1998), p. 72.
20. J.M. Brennan: IEEE Part. Accel. Conf., Dallas (1995), p. 1489.
21. K.A. Brown: Proc. IEEE Part. Accel. Conf., Portland (2003), p. 1545.
22. A. Zelenski: Proc. EPAC08, Genoa (2008), p. 1010.
23. Ya.S. Derbenev, A.M. Kondratenko: Sov. Phys. Dokl. 20 (1976) 562. Ya.S. Derbenev, et al.:
Part. Accel. 8 (1978) 115.
24. T. Roser: 8th Intern. Symp. High-Energy Spin Physics, Particle and Fields Series 37,
Minneapolis, MN (1988), p. 1442.