10 The Largest Accelerators and Colliders of Their Time
617
the upsilon family particles. Other particle physics studied at VEPP-4M included
precise tau and J/Psi mass measurements and two photon physics.
10.3.3.15 PEP
PEP at SLAC operated with three bunches per beam up to 14 GeV delivered to six
interaction points [105]. PEP had aluminum vacuum chambers and aluminum RF
cavities coated with TiN to suppress breakdowns. The head-tail microwave beam
instability was studied extensively at PEP and cures investigated. Collisions with 1,
2, 4, and 6 IPs allowed studies of the beam-beam limits with different damping times
per collision. The particle physics results at PEP included the first measurements of
the tau lepton lifetime, the discovery that the B meson lifetime was unexpectedly
long, analysis of jet structures, and the measurements of lifetimes and properties of
charm and bottom hadrons.
10.3.3.16 Tristan
Tristan at KEK collided 2 × 2 bunches in four interaction points and was designed
to search for high mass resonances [106]. The injector was a 2.5 GeV linac and a
377 m accumulator ring ramped to the 8 GeV injection energy. Tristan was the first
large accelerator to use extensive superconducting RF technology.
10.3.3.17 SLC
The SLAC Linear Collider SLC was the first (and so far only) linear collider
constructed. It was built to precisely measure the properties of the Z 0 meson.
It was the first to measure the width of the Z 0 indicating only three families
of light quarks and neutrinos. It also provided a precise indirect constraint on
the Higgs mass [107]. The SLC collided single e + and e − bunches at 120 Hz
with 80% longitudinal e − polarization at the IP coming from a polarized strained
GaAs photo-gun. Other accelerator advances include BNS emittance damping in
the linac, reduced emittances from e − and e + damping rings, pulse-by-pulse IP
position feedback, and a positron source and target with one-to-one e − in to e + out
conversion rate. About 10 13 positrons were made and collided per second.
10.3.3.18 BEPC
BEPC at IHEP was built to produce tau and charm particle physics [108]. BEPC
was a single ring collider with two collision points reaching 2.5 GeV per beam.
The single bunch current was up to 22 mA and 140 mA in multi-bunch mode.
Injection was from a full energy linac with two transport lines. A mini-beta optics
617
the upsilon family particles. Other particle physics studied at VEPP-4M included
precise tau and J/Psi mass measurements and two photon physics.
10.3.3.15 PEP
PEP at SLAC operated with three bunches per beam up to 14 GeV delivered to six
interaction points [105]. PEP had aluminum vacuum chambers and aluminum RF
cavities coated with TiN to suppress breakdowns. The head-tail microwave beam
instability was studied extensively at PEP and cures investigated. Collisions with 1,
2, 4, and 6 IPs allowed studies of the beam-beam limits with different damping times
per collision. The particle physics results at PEP included the first measurements of
the tau lepton lifetime, the discovery that the B meson lifetime was unexpectedly
long, analysis of jet structures, and the measurements of lifetimes and properties of
charm and bottom hadrons.
10.3.3.16 Tristan
Tristan at KEK collided 2 × 2 bunches in four interaction points and was designed
to search for high mass resonances [106]. The injector was a 2.5 GeV linac and a
377 m accumulator ring ramped to the 8 GeV injection energy. Tristan was the first
large accelerator to use extensive superconducting RF technology.
10.3.3.17 SLC
The SLAC Linear Collider SLC was the first (and so far only) linear collider
constructed. It was built to precisely measure the properties of the Z 0 meson.
It was the first to measure the width of the Z 0 indicating only three families
of light quarks and neutrinos. It also provided a precise indirect constraint on
the Higgs mass [107]. The SLC collided single e + and e − bunches at 120 Hz
with 80% longitudinal e − polarization at the IP coming from a polarized strained
GaAs photo-gun. Other accelerator advances include BNS emittance damping in
the linac, reduced emittances from e − and e + damping rings, pulse-by-pulse IP
position feedback, and a positron source and target with one-to-one e − in to e + out
conversion rate. About 10 13 positrons were made and collided per second.
10.3.3.18 BEPC
BEPC at IHEP was built to produce tau and charm particle physics [108]. BEPC
was a single ring collider with two collision points reaching 2.5 GeV per beam.
The single bunch current was up to 22 mA and 140 mA in multi-bunch mode.
Injection was from a full energy linac with two transport lines. A mini-beta optics