10 The Largest Accelerators and Colliders of Their Time
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unique features and results. The intent is to illustrate the advancement of collider
technology over the years. Several of the technical advances are high power
RF systems, superconducting RF systems, high field magnets, superconducting
magnets, high field permanent magnets, ultra-high vacuum systems, low emittance
beam lattices, complex interaction region designs, and sophisticated diagnostics and
controls. Many of the colliders in later life became synchrotron radiation sources
and several serve in this capacity today.
10.3.3.1 ADA
ADA at Frascati was a pioneering electron-positron collider [89]. This collider
was used to study stored beam parameters, injection, beam lifetime, and collisions.
Injection of electrons and positrons was made by converting 1 GeV gamma rays
in a small target inside the ring. The mean lifetime was consistent with gas
bremsstrahlung. With the electrons stored, the whole magnet was rotated about a
horizontal axis to inject positrons without losing electrons. A pulsed kicker was
used to reduce the betatron oscillations of the injected particles. Luminosity was
measured. The effects of Touschek scattering was discovered and studied.
10.3.3.2 VEP-1
VEP-1 at BINP was an early electron-electron collider used to study elastic scattering and double bremsstrahlung experiments [90]. This accelerator demonstrated the
possibility to carry out colliding beam experiments for particle physics.
10.3.3.3 CBX
The Princeton-Stanford Colliding Beam Experiment CBX on the Stanford campus
was an electron-electron collider used to study elastic scattering and double
bremsstrahlung experiments [91]. G. O’Neill on this team proposed that radiation
damping for a stored electron beam could help with injection and emittance
reduction. The beam–beam tune shift limit was seen in this machine on the level
of 0.02–0.05. CBX saw indications of the single beam resistive wall instability.
Electron currents up to 1 A were stored. This accelerator also demonstrated the
possibility to carry out colliding beam experiments for particle physics.
10.3.3.4 VEPP-2
VEPP-2 at BINP was one of the first electron-positron collider in the world [92, 93].
The rho and phi meson parameters were measured using annihilation into two pions
followed later by omega and phi meson decay parameters in the vector meson region
613
unique features and results. The intent is to illustrate the advancement of collider
technology over the years. Several of the technical advances are high power
RF systems, superconducting RF systems, high field magnets, superconducting
magnets, high field permanent magnets, ultra-high vacuum systems, low emittance
beam lattices, complex interaction region designs, and sophisticated diagnostics and
controls. Many of the colliders in later life became synchrotron radiation sources
and several serve in this capacity today.
10.3.3.1 ADA
ADA at Frascati was a pioneering electron-positron collider [89]. This collider
was used to study stored beam parameters, injection, beam lifetime, and collisions.
Injection of electrons and positrons was made by converting 1 GeV gamma rays
in a small target inside the ring. The mean lifetime was consistent with gas
bremsstrahlung. With the electrons stored, the whole magnet was rotated about a
horizontal axis to inject positrons without losing electrons. A pulsed kicker was
used to reduce the betatron oscillations of the injected particles. Luminosity was
measured. The effects of Touschek scattering was discovered and studied.
10.3.3.2 VEP-1
VEP-1 at BINP was an early electron-electron collider used to study elastic scattering and double bremsstrahlung experiments [90]. This accelerator demonstrated the
possibility to carry out colliding beam experiments for particle physics.
10.3.3.3 CBX
The Princeton-Stanford Colliding Beam Experiment CBX on the Stanford campus
was an electron-electron collider used to study elastic scattering and double
bremsstrahlung experiments [91]. G. O’Neill on this team proposed that radiation
damping for a stored electron beam could help with injection and emittance
reduction. The beam–beam tune shift limit was seen in this machine on the level
of 0.02–0.05. CBX saw indications of the single beam resistive wall instability.
Electron currents up to 1 A were stored. This accelerator also demonstrated the
possibility to carry out colliding beam experiments for particle physics.
10.3.3.4 VEPP-2
VEPP-2 at BINP was one of the first electron-positron collider in the world [92, 93].
The rho and phi meson parameters were measured using annihilation into two pions
followed later by omega and phi meson decay parameters in the vector meson region