586
K. Hübner et al.
Table 10.1 Basic parameters of the CPS [5]
Accelerated particles
Protons, lead ions
Momentum protons/lead ions
26 GeV/c, 5.9 GeV/c nucleon
Circumference [m]
200 π
Magnetic lattice
Alternating-gradient focusing, combined-function
Focusing order
FOFDOD
Magnetic field index
n = 288
Number of main magnets
100
Bending magnetic field
0.1013 T (inj. at 1 GeV), 1.25 T (extr. at 26 GeV/c)
Betatron oscillations/turn
6.24 (h), 6.26 (v)
Rise time/flat top time
0.7 s/0.3 s (26 GeV/c)
Long straight sections
Number = 20, length = 3.0 m
RF system (tunable)
11 cavities, 2.8–9.55 MHz, 220 keV/turn total maximum
Auxiliary RF systems
13, 20, 40, 80, 200 MHz
Vacuum chamber
Stainless steel, 146 × 70 mm 2 in the bending magnets
and the project led by J.B. Adams was approved in 1953. The final parameters were
fixed in 1954 and construction started in 1955. The CPS [1] became operational
towards the end of 1959 reaching an energy of 28 GeV [2, 3]. It has turned out to be
an extremely versatile facility [4] (Table 10.1).
Initially, the proton injector was a 50 MeV Alvarez-type linear accelerator (linac
L1) operating at 200 MHz. In order to increase the intensity a four-ring synchrotron
booster (PSB) was inserted in 1972 between L1 and CPS raising the kinetic injection
energy to 0.8 GeV. Over the years, it had its top kinetic energy raised in steps to
1 GeV in 1985 and 1.4 GeV in 1999 to allow for the production of the LHC beams.
As part of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project [6] a further increase to 2 GeV
is being prepared at present for first beam in 2020. In 1979, L1 was replaced by linac
2 (L2) of a more modern and robust design. The 50 MeV proton linac 2 is presently
being replaced by the new linac 4 (L4) [7] that will provide H − ions at 160 MeV to
the charge exchange injection equipped PS Booster.
The CPS provided initially secondary beams by means of internal targets. Since
1967 a fast extraction system over one turn became available for fixed-target physics
complemented in 1969 by a system providing slow-extracted beams spilling out
particles over a large number of turns. The fast extraction was used to produce
neutrino beams with protons and, between 1970 and 1983, 26 GeV/c protons for
the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR). At present, the fast extraction provides a
26 GeV/c proton beam (1.5 × 10 13 per pulse) for the Antiproton Decelerator
(AD) after compression of the four equidistant bunches that occupy half the
CPS circumference. This manipulation by the radio-frequency accelerating system
makes this proton bunch train so short that the secondary antiproton bunch train fits
into the AD circumference being one quarter of that of the CPS. Further, a 20 GeV/c
single high-intensity bunch containing up to 9 × 10 12 protons is extracted after a
non-adiabatic bunch shortening to produce neutrons from a lead-target. Since 2010,
a large variety of LHC beams have been produced that over time have become much
K. Hübner et al.
Table 10.1 Basic parameters of the CPS [5]
Accelerated particles
Protons, lead ions
Momentum protons/lead ions
26 GeV/c, 5.9 GeV/c nucleon
Circumference [m]
200 π
Magnetic lattice
Alternating-gradient focusing, combined-function
Focusing order
FOFDOD
Magnetic field index
n = 288
Number of main magnets
100
Bending magnetic field
0.1013 T (inj. at 1 GeV), 1.25 T (extr. at 26 GeV/c)
Betatron oscillations/turn
6.24 (h), 6.26 (v)
Rise time/flat top time
0.7 s/0.3 s (26 GeV/c)
Long straight sections
Number = 20, length = 3.0 m
RF system (tunable)
11 cavities, 2.8–9.55 MHz, 220 keV/turn total maximum
Auxiliary RF systems
13, 20, 40, 80, 200 MHz
Vacuum chamber
Stainless steel, 146 × 70 mm 2 in the bending magnets
and the project led by J.B. Adams was approved in 1953. The final parameters were
fixed in 1954 and construction started in 1955. The CPS [1] became operational
towards the end of 1959 reaching an energy of 28 GeV [2, 3]. It has turned out to be
an extremely versatile facility [4] (Table 10.1).
Initially, the proton injector was a 50 MeV Alvarez-type linear accelerator (linac
L1) operating at 200 MHz. In order to increase the intensity a four-ring synchrotron
booster (PSB) was inserted in 1972 between L1 and CPS raising the kinetic injection
energy to 0.8 GeV. Over the years, it had its top kinetic energy raised in steps to
1 GeV in 1985 and 1.4 GeV in 1999 to allow for the production of the LHC beams.
As part of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project [6] a further increase to 2 GeV
is being prepared at present for first beam in 2020. In 1979, L1 was replaced by linac
2 (L2) of a more modern and robust design. The 50 MeV proton linac 2 is presently
being replaced by the new linac 4 (L4) [7] that will provide H − ions at 160 MeV to
the charge exchange injection equipped PS Booster.
The CPS provided initially secondary beams by means of internal targets. Since
1967 a fast extraction system over one turn became available for fixed-target physics
complemented in 1969 by a system providing slow-extracted beams spilling out
particles over a large number of turns. The fast extraction was used to produce
neutrino beams with protons and, between 1970 and 1983, 26 GeV/c protons for
the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR). At present, the fast extraction provides a
26 GeV/c proton beam (1.5 × 10 13 per pulse) for the Antiproton Decelerator
(AD) after compression of the four equidistant bunches that occupy half the
CPS circumference. This manipulation by the radio-frequency accelerating system
makes this proton bunch train so short that the secondary antiproton bunch train fits
into the AD circumference being one quarter of that of the CPS. Further, a 20 GeV/c
single high-intensity bunch containing up to 9 × 10 12 protons is extracted after a
non-adiabatic bunch shortening to produce neutrons from a lead-target. Since 2010,
a large variety of LHC beams have been produced that over time have become much