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M. Brugger et al.
implemented, including models for a detailed calculation of nuclide production via
evaporation, fission and fragmentation processes.
Interfaced to MARS, the MCNP4C code handles all interactions of neutrons with
energies below 14 MeV. Produced secondaries other than neutrons are directed back
to the MARS15 modules for further transport.
5.1.2.4 MCNP
MCNP6 [7] originates from the Monte Carlo N-Particle transport (MCNP)-family
of neutron interaction and transport codes and, therefore, features one of the
most comprehensive and detailed description of the related physical processes.
The extension to other particle types, including ions and electromagnetic particles,
allowed an expansion of the areas of application from purely neutronics to, among
others, accelerator shielding design, medical physics and space radiation.
The neutron interaction and transport modules use standard evaluated data
libraries mixed with physics models where such libraries are not available. The
transport is continuous in energy and includes all features necessary for reactor
simulations, including burn-up, depletion and transmutation. Different generalized
intranuclear cascade codes can be linked to explore different physics implementations, such as CEM03, INCL4 and ISABEL. They either contain fission-evaporation
models or can be coupled to such models (i.e., ABLA) allowing detailed predictions
for radio-nuclide production. While the intranuclear cascade codes are limited to
interaction energies below a few GeV, a link to the Quark-Gluon String Model code
LAQGSM03 extends this energy range to about 800 GeV. The latter code also allows
the simulation of ion interactions.
5.1.2.5 PHITS
The Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System PHITS (see [8] and [9] and
references therein) was among the first general-purpose codes to simulate the transport and interactions of heavy ions in a wide energy range, from 10 MeV/nucleon to
100 GeV/nucleon. It is based on the high-energy hadron transport code NMTC/JAM
which was extended to heavy ions by incorporating the JAERI Quantum Molecular
Dynamics code JQMD.
Below energies of a few GeV hadron-nucleus interactions in PHITS are described
through the production and decay of resonances while at higher energies (up to
200 GeV) inelastic hadron-nucleus collisions proceed via the formation and decay
of so-called strings which eventually hadronize through the creation of (di)quarkanti(di)quark pairs. Both are embedded into an intranuclear cascade calculation.
Nucleus-nucleus interactions are simulated, within a molecular dynamics framework, based on effective interactions between the two self-binding system of
nucleons.
M. Brugger et al.
implemented, including models for a detailed calculation of nuclide production via
evaporation, fission and fragmentation processes.
Interfaced to MARS, the MCNP4C code handles all interactions of neutrons with
energies below 14 MeV. Produced secondaries other than neutrons are directed back
to the MARS15 modules for further transport.
5.1.2.4 MCNP
MCNP6 [7] originates from the Monte Carlo N-Particle transport (MCNP)-family
of neutron interaction and transport codes and, therefore, features one of the
most comprehensive and detailed description of the related physical processes.
The extension to other particle types, including ions and electromagnetic particles,
allowed an expansion of the areas of application from purely neutronics to, among
others, accelerator shielding design, medical physics and space radiation.
The neutron interaction and transport modules use standard evaluated data
libraries mixed with physics models where such libraries are not available. The
transport is continuous in energy and includes all features necessary for reactor
simulations, including burn-up, depletion and transmutation. Different generalized
intranuclear cascade codes can be linked to explore different physics implementations, such as CEM03, INCL4 and ISABEL. They either contain fission-evaporation
models or can be coupled to such models (i.e., ABLA) allowing detailed predictions
for radio-nuclide production. While the intranuclear cascade codes are limited to
interaction energies below a few GeV, a link to the Quark-Gluon String Model code
LAQGSM03 extends this energy range to about 800 GeV. The latter code also allows
the simulation of ion interactions.
5.1.2.5 PHITS
The Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System PHITS (see [8] and [9] and
references therein) was among the first general-purpose codes to simulate the transport and interactions of heavy ions in a wide energy range, from 10 MeV/nucleon to
100 GeV/nucleon. It is based on the high-energy hadron transport code NMTC/JAM
which was extended to heavy ions by incorporating the JAERI Quantum Molecular
Dynamics code JQMD.
Below energies of a few GeV hadron-nucleus interactions in PHITS are described
through the production and decay of resonances while at higher energies (up to
200 GeV) inelastic hadron-nucleus collisions proceed via the formation and decay
of so-called strings which eventually hadronize through the creation of (di)quarkanti(di)quark pairs. Both are embedded into an intranuclear cascade calculation.
Nucleus-nucleus interactions are simulated, within a molecular dynamics framework, based on effective interactions between the two self-binding system of
nucleons.