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and positrons). Bremsstrahlung radiation can also be produced by “heavy” charged
particles even though it is significantly suppressed. Furthermore, charged particles
(light and heavy ones) can produce electron-positron pairs.
5.1.2 Simulation Tools
In all life cycle stages of an accelerator the use of simulation, notably MonteCarlo codes, became fundamental. Thanks to the variety of such codes over
different particle physics applications and the associated extensive benchmarking
with experimental data, the modelling has reached an unprecedented accuracy.
Furthermore, most codes allow the user to simulate all aspects of a high energy
particle cascade in one and the same run: from the first interaction over the transport
and re-interactions (hadronic and electromagnetic) of the produced secondaries, to
detailed nuclear fragmentation, the calculation of radioactive decays and even of the
electromagnetic shower from such delayed decays.
In the following we give a brief overview of the most used multi-purpose codes
around accelerator applications.
5.1.2.1 FLUKA
FLUKA is a general-purpose particle interaction and transport code with roots in
radiation protection and respective design and detector studies for high energy
accelerators [1, 2]. It comprises all features needed in this area of application,
such as detailed nuclear interaction models, full coupling between hadronic and
electromagnetic processes and numerous variance reduction options.
The module for hadronic interactions is called PEANUT and consists of a
phenomenological description (Dual Parton Model-based Glauber Gribov cascade) of high energy interactions, through a generalized intranuclear cascade,
pre-equilibrium emissions as well as evaporation, fragmentation, fission and deexcitation by gamma emission. Interactions of ions are simulated through interfaces
with different codes depending on the energy range (DPMJET3 above 5 GeV/n and
rQMD-2.4 between 0.125 and 5 GeV/n, while the embedded Boltzmann Master
Equation model is applied below 0.125 GeV/n).
The transport of neutrons with energies below 20 MeV is performed by a multigroup algorithm based on evaluated cross section data (ENDF/B, JEFF, JENDL etc.)
binned into 260 energy groups, 31 of which in the thermal region. For a few isotopes
point-wise cross sections can be optionally used. The detailed implementation of
electromagnetic processes in the energy range between 1 keV and 1 PeV is fully
coupled with the models for hadronic interactions.
M. Brugger et al.
and positrons). Bremsstrahlung radiation can also be produced by “heavy” charged
particles even though it is significantly suppressed. Furthermore, charged particles
(light and heavy ones) can produce electron-positron pairs.
5.1.2 Simulation Tools
In all life cycle stages of an accelerator the use of simulation, notably MonteCarlo codes, became fundamental. Thanks to the variety of such codes over
different particle physics applications and the associated extensive benchmarking
with experimental data, the modelling has reached an unprecedented accuracy.
Furthermore, most codes allow the user to simulate all aspects of a high energy
particle cascade in one and the same run: from the first interaction over the transport
and re-interactions (hadronic and electromagnetic) of the produced secondaries, to
detailed nuclear fragmentation, the calculation of radioactive decays and even of the
electromagnetic shower from such delayed decays.
In the following we give a brief overview of the most used multi-purpose codes
around accelerator applications.
5.1.2.1 FLUKA
FLUKA is a general-purpose particle interaction and transport code with roots in
radiation protection and respective design and detector studies for high energy
accelerators [1, 2]. It comprises all features needed in this area of application,
such as detailed nuclear interaction models, full coupling between hadronic and
electromagnetic processes and numerous variance reduction options.
The module for hadronic interactions is called PEANUT and consists of a
phenomenological description (Dual Parton Model-based Glauber Gribov cascade) of high energy interactions, through a generalized intranuclear cascade,
pre-equilibrium emissions as well as evaporation, fragmentation, fission and deexcitation by gamma emission. Interactions of ions are simulated through interfaces
with different codes depending on the energy range (DPMJET3 above 5 GeV/n and
rQMD-2.4 between 0.125 and 5 GeV/n, while the embedded Boltzmann Master
Equation model is applied below 0.125 GeV/n).
The transport of neutrons with energies below 20 MeV is performed by a multigroup algorithm based on evaluated cross section data (ENDF/B, JEFF, JENDL etc.)
binned into 260 energy groups, 31 of which in the thermal region. For a few isotopes
point-wise cross sections can be optionally used. The detailed implementation of
electromagnetic processes in the energy range between 1 keV and 1 PeV is fully
coupled with the models for hadronic interactions.