to genetic makeup and permeability mechanisms of lysosomal membranes (Cong
et al. 2014). AgNPs effect the fecundity rate of Caenorhabditis elegans and is further
carried down to generations by damaging germ cells (Luo et al. 2016). Vignardi et al.
had conducted a study in which they had evaluated the impacts of TiO 2 Nps on
Trachinotus carolinus—an aquatic member. They had jotted down their findings in
which they had mentioned about the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the Nps that
drive their toxicity terms against genetic material (DNA) and erythrocyte viability by
forming micronucleus and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (Vignardi et al. 2015).
Mytilus galloprovincialis when provided with the exposure of copper Nps and
AgNps, induces a chain of abnormalities such as generation of oxidative stress,
metallothionein activation, DNA damage and many more (Gomes et al. 2013). Hu
et al. had found fluorescence enhancement in the cytoplasm of Isochrysis galbana,
showing penetration of nano-Al 2 O 3 inside the cell which when present in higher
concentrations have synergistic effect on the toxicity of lead. Nano-Al 2 O 3 laden lead
proved to be more deleterious than the free lead ions (Hu et al. 2018). Living beings
in marine ecosystems for instance fishes, are prone to toxicity of Ag
+ when it gets
deposited on the gills in place of their analogue (Na
+ ions) (Cáceres-Vélez et al.
2019). A considerable note of toxic perspectives associated with nanomaterials has
been jotted down by Nel et al. The small dimensions of the nanomaterials pave their
easy transport and accumulation in the body systems at different locations, which
when get adsorbed in the body fluids and tissues results in devastating impacts on the
body functioning and ultimately ends in severe injuries and diseases (Nel et al.
2006). Countable frequency of literature is available which stipulates the toxicity of
the bare graphene on genetic levels that cannot be ignored (Bianco 2013; Guo and
Mei 2014; Tonelli et al. 2015). CeO 2 Nps have potential of exerting pro-oxidative
effect because of the alterations in intracellular redox reactions or generation of
reactive oxygen species which in turn causes cell damage followed by cell death
(Pešić et al. 2015). In the presence of protons, cells are prone to cytotoxic effects of
nano oxidases (Forest et al. 2017).
Metal oxides NPs are being evaluated against animals wherein they have showed
a number of deviations from normal functioning such as kidney and liver damage,
degeneration of neurons, alterations in genetic pool, cytoplasm dysfunctioning, and
generation of reactive oxygen species which in turn generates oxidative stress in the
cells of the body (Zhu et al. 2019).
3.5.3.3 Microorganisms
Bacteria, because of greater and quick proliferating rate and diminutive lifespan are
often considered as indicator organisms for nanotoxicity studies (Jackson et al.
2013). When Nps comes in contact with the micro-biota, they alter the composition
and number of microbial communities (Chen et al. 2017) in one of the mentioned
ways: by dissolving out the rigidity of cell membranes, by altering the DNA and
protein structures, or by the formation of clusters with enhanced agglomeration
number (Turan et al. 2019). Freixa et al. had concluded that gram-positive strains
of bacteria are more susceptible to toxic effects of NPs than the gram negative strains
(Freixa et al. 2018). Partial solubility of AgNPs when applied to microbes without
3 Environmental Nanotechnology: Its Applications, Effects and Management
61
et al. 2014). AgNPs effect the fecundity rate of Caenorhabditis elegans and is further
carried down to generations by damaging germ cells (Luo et al. 2016). Vignardi et al.
had conducted a study in which they had evaluated the impacts of TiO 2 Nps on
Trachinotus carolinus—an aquatic member. They had jotted down their findings in
which they had mentioned about the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the Nps that
drive their toxicity terms against genetic material (DNA) and erythrocyte viability by
forming micronucleus and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (Vignardi et al. 2015).
Mytilus galloprovincialis when provided with the exposure of copper Nps and
AgNps, induces a chain of abnormalities such as generation of oxidative stress,
metallothionein activation, DNA damage and many more (Gomes et al. 2013). Hu
et al. had found fluorescence enhancement in the cytoplasm of Isochrysis galbana,
showing penetration of nano-Al 2 O 3 inside the cell which when present in higher
concentrations have synergistic effect on the toxicity of lead. Nano-Al 2 O 3 laden lead
proved to be more deleterious than the free lead ions (Hu et al. 2018). Living beings
in marine ecosystems for instance fishes, are prone to toxicity of Ag
+ when it gets
deposited on the gills in place of their analogue (Na
+ ions) (Cáceres-Vélez et al.
2019). A considerable note of toxic perspectives associated with nanomaterials has
been jotted down by Nel et al. The small dimensions of the nanomaterials pave their
easy transport and accumulation in the body systems at different locations, which
when get adsorbed in the body fluids and tissues results in devastating impacts on the
body functioning and ultimately ends in severe injuries and diseases (Nel et al.
2006). Countable frequency of literature is available which stipulates the toxicity of
the bare graphene on genetic levels that cannot be ignored (Bianco 2013; Guo and
Mei 2014; Tonelli et al. 2015). CeO 2 Nps have potential of exerting pro-oxidative
effect because of the alterations in intracellular redox reactions or generation of
reactive oxygen species which in turn causes cell damage followed by cell death
(Pešić et al. 2015). In the presence of protons, cells are prone to cytotoxic effects of
nano oxidases (Forest et al. 2017).
Metal oxides NPs are being evaluated against animals wherein they have showed
a number of deviations from normal functioning such as kidney and liver damage,
degeneration of neurons, alterations in genetic pool, cytoplasm dysfunctioning, and
generation of reactive oxygen species which in turn generates oxidative stress in the
cells of the body (Zhu et al. 2019).
3.5.3.3 Microorganisms
Bacteria, because of greater and quick proliferating rate and diminutive lifespan are
often considered as indicator organisms for nanotoxicity studies (Jackson et al.
2013). When Nps comes in contact with the micro-biota, they alter the composition
and number of microbial communities (Chen et al. 2017) in one of the mentioned
ways: by dissolving out the rigidity of cell membranes, by altering the DNA and
protein structures, or by the formation of clusters with enhanced agglomeration
number (Turan et al. 2019). Freixa et al. had concluded that gram-positive strains
of bacteria are more susceptible to toxic effects of NPs than the gram negative strains
(Freixa et al. 2018). Partial solubility of AgNPs when applied to microbes without
3 Environmental Nanotechnology: Its Applications, Effects and Management
61