6. Impact on human health: NMs gets in contact with the human through various
commercial products such as body lotions, facial creams, cosmetics, and various
medicinal drugs (Oberdörster et al. 2005b; Curtis et al. 2006; Hagens et al. 2007).
The human body gets exposed to NMs through various routes such as skin,
respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract.
Through inhalation, small size nanosubstances pass the respiratory tract and pass
down to the alveoli of lungs affecting and disturbing the respiratory system
(Oberdörster et al. 2005a; Lam et al. 2006; Nel 2006; Donaldson et al.
1999, 2006). Various NMs are known to enter and interact with the body organs
such as lymph nodes, lungs, kidney, spleen, bone marrow, heart, intestinal tract,
and liver causing various complications (Fig. 2.4) (Oberdörster et al. 2005a; Chen
et al. 2006a, b; Hagens et al. 2007).
7. Disposal and Recycling: Disposal of NMs is a very complicated and difficult
process as it requires the full understanding and knowledge of NPs properties.
NMs are difficult to recycle as they act in an uncertain manner because of their
unique properties. Therefore, a detail investigation is required to combat the toxic
effects of nanosubstances on flora and fauna.
8. Impact on earth: Various parts or components of the earth are getting disturbed
by NMs. The reason could be a small size and high reactivity which causing
alterations in the earth’s system and impacting globally (Qafoku 2010). NMs
instigating climate change, alterations in the earth components and various
cycles, changes in the soil environment (Gislason et al. 2009; Qafoku 2010b).
The concentration of CO 2 has increased from about 320 to 410 parts per million
(in 2018) leading to an increase in earth temperature and climate change
(Hochella et al. 2019). Various changes in the climate have caused variations in
every day, periodic and interannual temperatures; local rainfall; and prolonged
phase of drought, heatwaves, wildfires, and permafrost (Pachauri et al. 2014) that
is disturbing the ecosystems, forests, agronomy, and food production; and also
changing earth water quality (Fig. 2.5) (Qafoku 2010b).
2.6
Management
To investigate the nano substances effects on the flora and fauna, a detailed study of
the nanotoxicity is required. The chief components of the environment are air, water
and soil and these components are interlinked and also related to biota. Contamination of one component can contaminate the other components over the time leading
to nano-ecotoxicity. The prediction of the factors causing nanotoxicity and affecting
the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem is often problematic and difficult.
But the nano-ecotoxicity can be overcome by regulating the conditions and fabrication methods (Rollins 2009; Davies 2008).
2 Nanomaterials; Applications; Implications and Management
37
commercial products such as body lotions, facial creams, cosmetics, and various
medicinal drugs (Oberdörster et al. 2005b; Curtis et al. 2006; Hagens et al. 2007).
The human body gets exposed to NMs through various routes such as skin,
respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract.
Through inhalation, small size nanosubstances pass the respiratory tract and pass
down to the alveoli of lungs affecting and disturbing the respiratory system
(Oberdörster et al. 2005a; Lam et al. 2006; Nel 2006; Donaldson et al.
1999, 2006). Various NMs are known to enter and interact with the body organs
such as lymph nodes, lungs, kidney, spleen, bone marrow, heart, intestinal tract,
and liver causing various complications (Fig. 2.4) (Oberdörster et al. 2005a; Chen
et al. 2006a, b; Hagens et al. 2007).
7. Disposal and Recycling: Disposal of NMs is a very complicated and difficult
process as it requires the full understanding and knowledge of NPs properties.
NMs are difficult to recycle as they act in an uncertain manner because of their
unique properties. Therefore, a detail investigation is required to combat the toxic
effects of nanosubstances on flora and fauna.
8. Impact on earth: Various parts or components of the earth are getting disturbed
by NMs. The reason could be a small size and high reactivity which causing
alterations in the earth’s system and impacting globally (Qafoku 2010). NMs
instigating climate change, alterations in the earth components and various
cycles, changes in the soil environment (Gislason et al. 2009; Qafoku 2010b).
The concentration of CO 2 has increased from about 320 to 410 parts per million
(in 2018) leading to an increase in earth temperature and climate change
(Hochella et al. 2019). Various changes in the climate have caused variations in
every day, periodic and interannual temperatures; local rainfall; and prolonged
phase of drought, heatwaves, wildfires, and permafrost (Pachauri et al. 2014) that
is disturbing the ecosystems, forests, agronomy, and food production; and also
changing earth water quality (Fig. 2.5) (Qafoku 2010b).
2.6
Management
To investigate the nano substances effects on the flora and fauna, a detailed study of
the nanotoxicity is required. The chief components of the environment are air, water
and soil and these components are interlinked and also related to biota. Contamination of one component can contaminate the other components over the time leading
to nano-ecotoxicity. The prediction of the factors causing nanotoxicity and affecting
the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem is often problematic and difficult.
But the nano-ecotoxicity can be overcome by regulating the conditions and fabrication methods (Rollins 2009; Davies 2008).
2 Nanomaterials; Applications; Implications and Management
37