2.4
Nanotechnology Applications in Different Fields
Nanotechnology is a very overpowering technology that taking over the world
enormously and rapidly. Nanotechnology is spreading all over the world because
of its unique and supremacy properties like durability, hardness, strength, catalytic,
electrical, magnetic, etc. and also due to its ability to control the materials at the
atomic level (10
À9 m). Because of these unique properties, nanotechnology has
widespread applications in every commercial field such as nanofluid, nanostructured
coatings, nanoremediation, microbial fuel cell, nanocatalyst, nanophosphors development, computer nanochips, removal of environmental contaminants,
nanoparticles in sunscreen creams and lotions, etc.
2.4.1 Nanofluid
Nanofluids are heat transfer fluid consisting of particles in nanoscale dispersed
uniformly and stably in the base fluid. Different factors change the properties of
nanofluids that depend on various parameters such as pH control, surfactant,
ultrasonication, stability, uniformity, properties of the base fluid, particle geometry
and dimensions, and effects of fluid-particle interfacial. Nanofluids are better than
conventional fluids because of better thermal performance as NMs have a high
surface to volume ratio that advances the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Heat
exchangers are required to transfer the heat at a maximum amount. Heat transfer rate
depends on the surface area, properties of heat exchanger material, and working fluid
properties such as thermophysical properties (Peyghambarzadeh et al. 2011). NMs
commonly used are CuO, NiO, TiO 2 , ZnO, Cu, Au, Al 2 O 3 , single-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWCNT), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), SiC, TiC, etc.
(Bognár and Vencl 2019).
2.4.2 Nanostructured Coatings
NMs are utilized as a coating material to prevent erosion and corrosion to increase
the mechanical properties of the metal substances. NMs coating is a unique way to
enhance the surface properties of any substance to improve the working efficiency
(Higuera Hidalgo et al. 2001). According to many reports, nanocoating increases the
service life of various materials (Keshavamurthy et al. 2014; Kusmoko et al. 2015;
Shukla et al. 2015). There are different methods for nanostructured coatings such as
physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc. but the most widespread
method is the thermal spray process as this method gives more throughput in
minimum time (Roy et al. 2006).
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V. Dogra et al.
Nanotechnology Applications in Different Fields
Nanotechnology is a very overpowering technology that taking over the world
enormously and rapidly. Nanotechnology is spreading all over the world because
of its unique and supremacy properties like durability, hardness, strength, catalytic,
electrical, magnetic, etc. and also due to its ability to control the materials at the
atomic level (10
À9 m). Because of these unique properties, nanotechnology has
widespread applications in every commercial field such as nanofluid, nanostructured
coatings, nanoremediation, microbial fuel cell, nanocatalyst, nanophosphors development, computer nanochips, removal of environmental contaminants,
nanoparticles in sunscreen creams and lotions, etc.
2.4.1 Nanofluid
Nanofluids are heat transfer fluid consisting of particles in nanoscale dispersed
uniformly and stably in the base fluid. Different factors change the properties of
nanofluids that depend on various parameters such as pH control, surfactant,
ultrasonication, stability, uniformity, properties of the base fluid, particle geometry
and dimensions, and effects of fluid-particle interfacial. Nanofluids are better than
conventional fluids because of better thermal performance as NMs have a high
surface to volume ratio that advances the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Heat
exchangers are required to transfer the heat at a maximum amount. Heat transfer rate
depends on the surface area, properties of heat exchanger material, and working fluid
properties such as thermophysical properties (Peyghambarzadeh et al. 2011). NMs
commonly used are CuO, NiO, TiO 2 , ZnO, Cu, Au, Al 2 O 3 , single-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWCNT), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), SiC, TiC, etc.
(Bognár and Vencl 2019).
2.4.2 Nanostructured Coatings
NMs are utilized as a coating material to prevent erosion and corrosion to increase
the mechanical properties of the metal substances. NMs coating is a unique way to
enhance the surface properties of any substance to improve the working efficiency
(Higuera Hidalgo et al. 2001). According to many reports, nanocoating increases the
service life of various materials (Keshavamurthy et al. 2014; Kusmoko et al. 2015;
Shukla et al. 2015). There are different methods for nanostructured coatings such as
physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc. but the most widespread
method is the thermal spray process as this method gives more throughput in
minimum time (Roy et al. 2006).
30
V. Dogra et al.