toxicity of nanosubstances on different levels such as physiological, cellular, and
genomic to ensure the safety of NMs before the utilization. Since many studies have
been done on the physiological toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, cytotoxicity,
and genotoxicity of nanosubstances but still the evidence is inadequate and there’s a
need for in-depth investigation (Nel 2006; Xia et al. 2006; Stone et al. 2006; Sayes
et al. 2007).
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary science that includes:
1. Nanophysics: This field includes quantum physics, spintronics, photonics which
is meant for the synthesis of NMs and also for the research area.
2. Nanochemistry: This field comprises nanocolloids, quantum chemistry, and
sol-gel which are linked with the NMs fabrications and different research areas.
3. Nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and nanoengineering: These fields relate with
the development of unique technologies, nanodevices, nanomotors,
nanoactuators, nanorobots, ultra-large integrated circuits (ULCI), microoptoelectronic-mechanical systems (MEMS, MOEMS), etc.
4. Nanomaterials science: This research area comprises of nanoceramics
compounds, nanopowder technology, nanosintering, nanotribology, and other
nano processes which are connected with the research, development, and synthesis of novel NMs architectures, functional and smart nanosubstances with exceptional properties.
5. Nanometrology, Nanodevice-building, and Nano-hand-craft: This field concerns
the development of smart nanotools, instruments, and computational systems to
advance the nanotechnology field.
6. Nanobionics: This field is related to the advancement of nanobiorobots,
nanobiochips, etc.
2.2
Nanomaterial Sources
2.2.1 Engineered Nanomaterials
These NMs are man-made for human benefits. Humans are intentionally fabricating
the NMs for commercial benefits and upgrading the lifestyles (Martin et al. 2013).
Engineered NMs are fabricated by using various methods such as physical, chemical
and biological methods. Examples of physical methods are inert gas condensation,
pulse vapor decomposition, laser pyrolysis, electrospraying, etc. Wet chemical
methods include microemulsion, microwave, thermal decomposition, precipitation/
coprecipitation, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, biological and green methods
(Fig. 2.1). Biological methods include plant extract-assisted biogenesis,
microorganism-assisted biogenesis, and bio template-assisted biogenesis.
2 Nanomaterials; Applications; Implications and Management
25
genomic to ensure the safety of NMs before the utilization. Since many studies have
been done on the physiological toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, cytotoxicity,
and genotoxicity of nanosubstances but still the evidence is inadequate and there’s a
need for in-depth investigation (Nel 2006; Xia et al. 2006; Stone et al. 2006; Sayes
et al. 2007).
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary science that includes:
1. Nanophysics: This field includes quantum physics, spintronics, photonics which
is meant for the synthesis of NMs and also for the research area.
2. Nanochemistry: This field comprises nanocolloids, quantum chemistry, and
sol-gel which are linked with the NMs fabrications and different research areas.
3. Nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and nanoengineering: These fields relate with
the development of unique technologies, nanodevices, nanomotors,
nanoactuators, nanorobots, ultra-large integrated circuits (ULCI), microoptoelectronic-mechanical systems (MEMS, MOEMS), etc.
4. Nanomaterials science: This research area comprises of nanoceramics
compounds, nanopowder technology, nanosintering, nanotribology, and other
nano processes which are connected with the research, development, and synthesis of novel NMs architectures, functional and smart nanosubstances with exceptional properties.
5. Nanometrology, Nanodevice-building, and Nano-hand-craft: This field concerns
the development of smart nanotools, instruments, and computational systems to
advance the nanotechnology field.
6. Nanobionics: This field is related to the advancement of nanobiorobots,
nanobiochips, etc.
2.2
Nanomaterial Sources
2.2.1 Engineered Nanomaterials
These NMs are man-made for human benefits. Humans are intentionally fabricating
the NMs for commercial benefits and upgrading the lifestyles (Martin et al. 2013).
Engineered NMs are fabricated by using various methods such as physical, chemical
and biological methods. Examples of physical methods are inert gas condensation,
pulse vapor decomposition, laser pyrolysis, electrospraying, etc. Wet chemical
methods include microemulsion, microwave, thermal decomposition, precipitation/
coprecipitation, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, biological and green methods
(Fig. 2.1). Biological methods include plant extract-assisted biogenesis,
microorganism-assisted biogenesis, and bio template-assisted biogenesis.
2 Nanomaterials; Applications; Implications and Management
25