source of waste production is anthropogenic activities, and this material should be
managed for1. For avoiding its harmful impacts on humans and environment.
2. For obtaining the useful resources from the waste for some useful task.
Thus by managing the waste which includes recycling and reuse, the economy of
the state can be increased. The gaseous, liquid, solid, and radioactive wastes need to
be managed, to avoid their harmful effects on human health as well as on the
environment (Agarwal et al. 2015).
The waste management is different for every nation and even it varies from region
to region. The management varies from developed countries to developing countries,
from urban to rural population, residential to industrial area. Even the management
authorities vary from area to area, as in metropolitan and rural area the management
is done by the local government whereas industrial waste produced is managed by
the industry itself only if the waste is non-hazardous. But with the rapid development
the management challenges are also increasing. From the many decades number of
new technologies have been used for the management of the waste such as the
landfills, Incineration/combustion, recovery and recycling, plasma gasification,
composting avoidance/waste minimization, the bottom line method, etc., but still
the problem is on the same stage, therefore in order to overcome these problems a
new technology has been proposed known as the nanotechnology.
12.2 Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is one of the most important coming out tendency for the protection
of the environment, particularly in waste management. It provides new opportunities
to people to interact with and to gain profit from the products. As the development is
occurring the nanotechnology and nanoscience is growing rapidly because of its
large number of applications relevant to improving the quality of life for humankind
has been discovered. General nanoscience deals with the synthesis, characterization,
exploration, and exploitation of nanostructured materials. These nanomaterials are
defined by their size, i.e., by at least one dimension in the nanometer range, and one
nanometer (nm) equals to one billionth of a meter or 10
À9 m (Pokropivny et al.
2007). Also one nanometer is equal to the length equivalent to 10 hydrogen or
5 silicon atoms aligned in a line. Therefore, this can also be defined as the science of
materials and devices where structures and constituents demonstrate the novel and
considerable altered physical, chemical, and biological phenomenon as a result of
their nanoscale size.
Based on the applications of the nanotechnology, some of the common types
from different context are explained as (Figs. 12.1 and 12.2):
12 Management of Waste Using Nanotechnology
255
managed for1. For avoiding its harmful impacts on humans and environment.
2. For obtaining the useful resources from the waste for some useful task.
Thus by managing the waste which includes recycling and reuse, the economy of
the state can be increased. The gaseous, liquid, solid, and radioactive wastes need to
be managed, to avoid their harmful effects on human health as well as on the
environment (Agarwal et al. 2015).
The waste management is different for every nation and even it varies from region
to region. The management varies from developed countries to developing countries,
from urban to rural population, residential to industrial area. Even the management
authorities vary from area to area, as in metropolitan and rural area the management
is done by the local government whereas industrial waste produced is managed by
the industry itself only if the waste is non-hazardous. But with the rapid development
the management challenges are also increasing. From the many decades number of
new technologies have been used for the management of the waste such as the
landfills, Incineration/combustion, recovery and recycling, plasma gasification,
composting avoidance/waste minimization, the bottom line method, etc., but still
the problem is on the same stage, therefore in order to overcome these problems a
new technology has been proposed known as the nanotechnology.
12.2 Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is one of the most important coming out tendency for the protection
of the environment, particularly in waste management. It provides new opportunities
to people to interact with and to gain profit from the products. As the development is
occurring the nanotechnology and nanoscience is growing rapidly because of its
large number of applications relevant to improving the quality of life for humankind
has been discovered. General nanoscience deals with the synthesis, characterization,
exploration, and exploitation of nanostructured materials. These nanomaterials are
defined by their size, i.e., by at least one dimension in the nanometer range, and one
nanometer (nm) equals to one billionth of a meter or 10
À9 m (Pokropivny et al.
2007). Also one nanometer is equal to the length equivalent to 10 hydrogen or
5 silicon atoms aligned in a line. Therefore, this can also be defined as the science of
materials and devices where structures and constituents demonstrate the novel and
considerable altered physical, chemical, and biological phenomenon as a result of
their nanoscale size.
Based on the applications of the nanotechnology, some of the common types
from different context are explained as (Figs. 12.1 and 12.2):
12 Management of Waste Using Nanotechnology
255