silver nanoparticles positively affected cell division, chloroplast development, and
carbohydrate metabolism in plants.
Supplementation of copper nanoparticles in soil at concentration of 0.066%
(w/w) increased the ratio of shoot to root in Lactuca sativa. Treated with copper
nanoparticles (0.5 g/ha) produced more seeds in Helianthus annuus plants. Protein,
oil, and ash content of the seeds increased after treatment. Supplementation of
copper nanoparticles (1 g/ha) enhanced gibberellin, cytokinin, and indole acetic
acid levels in plants thus stimulating plant growth. Application of copper
nanoparticles at concentration 0.03 and 0.05 g/ha induced a positive effect on seed
germination, fresh/dry weight and plant productivity in wheat. Treatment with CuO
nanoparticles at the rate of 1 g/ha increased the levels of indole acetic acid,
gibberellin, abscisic acid levels in plants such as Vicia sativa and Triticum aestivum
(Wang et al. 2012a, b).
Application of aluminum hydroxide embedded palladium nanoparticles to soil at
the concentration 0.013% (w/w) increased the ratio of shoot to root length in Lactuca
sativa. Application of manganese nanoparticles to seeds increased growth by
increasing nitrogen metabolism, plant growth (measured as fresh, dry weight, root,
shoot length of plants) and activity of several enzymes in Vigna radiata (Pradhan
et al. 2013a, b). Treatment of nanoparticles also increased the chlorophyll and
carotenoid levels in these plants. Enhancement in the activity of electron transport
chain in photosynthesis has also been reported.
Application of TiO 2 nanoparticles (10 ppm) accelerated the germination of seeds
in Triticum aestivum. Plants treated with 1–500 ppm nanoparticles noted significant
increase in shoot length and seedling growth. Application of rutile nanoparticles
(@0.25–2.5%) accelerated the germination of seeds in Spinacia oleracea. The
photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, and Rubisco activities also showed increase in
such plants. Treatment of rutile nanoparticles (0.05% to 0.25%) accelerated the
rate of photosynthesis (photosystem II activity). They also promoted photophosphorylation activity in plants. The studies indicated that treatment of rutile
nanoparticles at the rate of 0.25% protects chloroplasts from aging induced by
long time illumination and increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase,
peroxidase in Spinacia oleracea (Hong et al. 2005). Anatase nanoparticles enhanced
nitrogen metabolism.
Iron oxide nanoparticles act as plant supplements (Boutchuen et al. 2019). The
hematite nanoparticle treatment promoted increase in plant growth in green gram.
An increase fruit production has been noted in such plants. Iron (Fe 3 O 4 )
nanoparticles (NPs) when applied to basil plants by foliar spray or soil supplementation enhanced growth traits (Elfeky et al. 2013). Application of Fe 2 O 3 NPs
increased root length, plant height, biomass in peanut plants. The growth of peanut
plants was promoted by regulating phytohormone content and antioxidant enzyme
activity (Rui et al. 2016). These nanoparticles improved availability of Fe to the
plants. The growth of maize showed a positive effect after treatment with hematite
and ferrihydrite NPs. Increase in growth resulted primarily because of increase in
chlorophyll content after treatment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs) (Pariona
et al. 2017). Ginger treated with iron oxide nanoparticles showed an increase in
236
B. Dhir
carbohydrate metabolism in plants.
Supplementation of copper nanoparticles in soil at concentration of 0.066%
(w/w) increased the ratio of shoot to root in Lactuca sativa. Treated with copper
nanoparticles (0.5 g/ha) produced more seeds in Helianthus annuus plants. Protein,
oil, and ash content of the seeds increased after treatment. Supplementation of
copper nanoparticles (1 g/ha) enhanced gibberellin, cytokinin, and indole acetic
acid levels in plants thus stimulating plant growth. Application of copper
nanoparticles at concentration 0.03 and 0.05 g/ha induced a positive effect on seed
germination, fresh/dry weight and plant productivity in wheat. Treatment with CuO
nanoparticles at the rate of 1 g/ha increased the levels of indole acetic acid,
gibberellin, abscisic acid levels in plants such as Vicia sativa and Triticum aestivum
(Wang et al. 2012a, b).
Application of aluminum hydroxide embedded palladium nanoparticles to soil at
the concentration 0.013% (w/w) increased the ratio of shoot to root length in Lactuca
sativa. Application of manganese nanoparticles to seeds increased growth by
increasing nitrogen metabolism, plant growth (measured as fresh, dry weight, root,
shoot length of plants) and activity of several enzymes in Vigna radiata (Pradhan
et al. 2013a, b). Treatment of nanoparticles also increased the chlorophyll and
carotenoid levels in these plants. Enhancement in the activity of electron transport
chain in photosynthesis has also been reported.
Application of TiO 2 nanoparticles (10 ppm) accelerated the germination of seeds
in Triticum aestivum. Plants treated with 1–500 ppm nanoparticles noted significant
increase in shoot length and seedling growth. Application of rutile nanoparticles
(@0.25–2.5%) accelerated the germination of seeds in Spinacia oleracea. The
photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, and Rubisco activities also showed increase in
such plants. Treatment of rutile nanoparticles (0.05% to 0.25%) accelerated the
rate of photosynthesis (photosystem II activity). They also promoted photophosphorylation activity in plants. The studies indicated that treatment of rutile
nanoparticles at the rate of 0.25% protects chloroplasts from aging induced by
long time illumination and increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase,
peroxidase in Spinacia oleracea (Hong et al. 2005). Anatase nanoparticles enhanced
nitrogen metabolism.
Iron oxide nanoparticles act as plant supplements (Boutchuen et al. 2019). The
hematite nanoparticle treatment promoted increase in plant growth in green gram.
An increase fruit production has been noted in such plants. Iron (Fe 3 O 4 )
nanoparticles (NPs) when applied to basil plants by foliar spray or soil supplementation enhanced growth traits (Elfeky et al. 2013). Application of Fe 2 O 3 NPs
increased root length, plant height, biomass in peanut plants. The growth of peanut
plants was promoted by regulating phytohormone content and antioxidant enzyme
activity (Rui et al. 2016). These nanoparticles improved availability of Fe to the
plants. The growth of maize showed a positive effect after treatment with hematite
and ferrihydrite NPs. Increase in growth resulted primarily because of increase in
chlorophyll content after treatment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs) (Pariona
et al. 2017). Ginger treated with iron oxide nanoparticles showed an increase in
236
B. Dhir