shown that nanobiosensors that detect the presence of persistent organic pollutants
have been developed (Xiong et al. 2018).
Various pesticides can be removed from water bodies with the help of
nanomaterials via adsorption. Attachment of organic compounds to functional
groups increases the affinity of the nanomaterials towards target molecule (Liang
et al. 2004; Savage and Diallo 2005). The mobile electrons and positive surface
charges of nanoparticles accelerate oxidation and reduction reactions thereby
assisting in degradation of pollutants. Transformation and detoxification of
pesticides have been successfully reported after use of metal nanoparticles, bimetallic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes (Chen et al. 2007;
Yang et al. 2008; Ren et al. 2011; Smith and Rodrigues 2015). Enzyme-based
biosensors that help in detection of pesticides have also been developed (Willner
and Vikesland 2018).
8.3
Removal of Pesticides by Nanoparticles
Various nanoparticles can be used in the removal of pesticides. Nanoscale particles
possess the capacity of degradation of pesticides (Sun et al. 2006; Tratnyek and
Johnson 2006; Satapanajaru et al. 2008; Garner and Keller 2014). Nanoparticles viz.
nanoscale ZVI (nZVI) and reactive nanoscale iron product (RNIP) have shown
capacity to remove pesticides (Kim et al. 2007, 2008). nZVI particles are composed
of iron (Fe) and have a diameter of 100–200 nm, while RNIP particles are composed
of Fe and Fe 3 O 4 present in equal proportion (50:50) (Bardajee and Hooshyar 2013).
ZVI nanoparticles lead to dechlorination of highly recalcitrant pesticides and
herbicides (Thompson et al. 2010). The Fe(II) provides electrons for dechlorination.
Dechlorination of compounds such as PCE (perchloroethylene) has been achieved
using these materials. Oxidation of halogenated organic pollutants has been achieved
after treatment with ZVI. The nZVIs get transformed from Fe
0 to Fe
2+ followed by
oxidative transformation to Fe
3+ (Crane and Scott 2012). These nanomaterials assist
in chemical reduction and catalysis of organochlorine, organophosphorus pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls, etc. (Karn et al. 2009). Removal of pesticides such as
lindane, DDT, chlorinated solvents (PCE, TCE, DCE) using nZVI has been
reported. Transformation of organic compounds like nitrates has also been reported
using nZVI (Karn et al. 2009).
Nanoscale ZVI also showed capacity to remove pesticides and herbicides such as
atrazine, molinate, picloram, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and diuron (Keum and Li 2004;
Satapanajaru et al. 2008). Removal of compounds such as hexachlorobutadiene,
pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT), heptachlor has been reported using nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) (Šimkovič
et al. 2015; Yildiz 2017). Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides resulted in formation
of amines after treatment of zero-valent iron powder (Keum and Li 2004).
Studies indicated that silver, carbon, and alumina nanoparticles mineralize
pesticides. The mineralization of the pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and malathion
using silver nanoparticles has been reported (Manimegalai et al. 2014). Chitosan
8 Nanomaterials for Remediation of Pesticides
195
have been developed (Xiong et al. 2018).
Various pesticides can be removed from water bodies with the help of
nanomaterials via adsorption. Attachment of organic compounds to functional
groups increases the affinity of the nanomaterials towards target molecule (Liang
et al. 2004; Savage and Diallo 2005). The mobile electrons and positive surface
charges of nanoparticles accelerate oxidation and reduction reactions thereby
assisting in degradation of pollutants. Transformation and detoxification of
pesticides have been successfully reported after use of metal nanoparticles, bimetallic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes (Chen et al. 2007;
Yang et al. 2008; Ren et al. 2011; Smith and Rodrigues 2015). Enzyme-based
biosensors that help in detection of pesticides have also been developed (Willner
and Vikesland 2018).
8.3
Removal of Pesticides by Nanoparticles
Various nanoparticles can be used in the removal of pesticides. Nanoscale particles
possess the capacity of degradation of pesticides (Sun et al. 2006; Tratnyek and
Johnson 2006; Satapanajaru et al. 2008; Garner and Keller 2014). Nanoparticles viz.
nanoscale ZVI (nZVI) and reactive nanoscale iron product (RNIP) have shown
capacity to remove pesticides (Kim et al. 2007, 2008). nZVI particles are composed
of iron (Fe) and have a diameter of 100–200 nm, while RNIP particles are composed
of Fe and Fe 3 O 4 present in equal proportion (50:50) (Bardajee and Hooshyar 2013).
ZVI nanoparticles lead to dechlorination of highly recalcitrant pesticides and
herbicides (Thompson et al. 2010). The Fe(II) provides electrons for dechlorination.
Dechlorination of compounds such as PCE (perchloroethylene) has been achieved
using these materials. Oxidation of halogenated organic pollutants has been achieved
after treatment with ZVI. The nZVIs get transformed from Fe
0 to Fe
2+ followed by
oxidative transformation to Fe
3+ (Crane and Scott 2012). These nanomaterials assist
in chemical reduction and catalysis of organochlorine, organophosphorus pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls, etc. (Karn et al. 2009). Removal of pesticides such as
lindane, DDT, chlorinated solvents (PCE, TCE, DCE) using nZVI has been
reported. Transformation of organic compounds like nitrates has also been reported
using nZVI (Karn et al. 2009).
Nanoscale ZVI also showed capacity to remove pesticides and herbicides such as
atrazine, molinate, picloram, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and diuron (Keum and Li 2004;
Satapanajaru et al. 2008). Removal of compounds such as hexachlorobutadiene,
pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT), heptachlor has been reported using nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) (Šimkovič
et al. 2015; Yildiz 2017). Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides resulted in formation
of amines after treatment of zero-valent iron powder (Keum and Li 2004).
Studies indicated that silver, carbon, and alumina nanoparticles mineralize
pesticides. The mineralization of the pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and malathion
using silver nanoparticles has been reported (Manimegalai et al. 2014). Chitosan
8 Nanomaterials for Remediation of Pesticides
195