• Cardiovascular dysfunctions
Various studies have revealed that the air pollutants cause cardiovascular illnesses
(Snow et al. 2014; Andersen et al. 2012). They are also associated with changes in
leucocytes which also might be responsible for cardiovascular functions
(Steenhof et al. 2014). However, a study on animal models suggested the close
association between hypertension and exposure of air pollutants. The traffic
effluents, especially high levels of NO 2 , cause hypertrophy of right and left
ventricle (Leary et al. 2014; Van Hee et al. 2009).
• Neuropsychiatric complications
The correlation between the exposure of suspended air toxins and nervous system
has constantly been argued. The toxicity of air pollutants on nervous system
includes neurological problems and psychiatric disorders (Newman et al. 2013;
Haynes et al. 2011). Some workers have also shown that the association between
air pollutants causes elevated risk of neuro-inflammation, Alzheimer’s and
Parkinson’s diseases (Calderon-Garciduenas et al. 2008).
• Long-term effects
The first line of defense against foreign pathogens is skin. It is also a target organ
for pollution as it absorbs environmental pollutants equivalent to the respiratory
tract (Goldsmith 1996; Singh and Maibach 2013). The research has proved that
air pollutants like PAHs, VOCs, oxides, and PM affect skin aging and cause
pigmented spots on the face (Vierkötter et al. 2010; Drakaki et al. 2014). Several
air pollutants are hepatocarcinogenic chemicals, which also increases the incidence of autism and its related disorders in fetus and children (Ito et al. 2011;
Roberts et al. 2013; Becerra et al. 2013). Due to the deteriorating quality of air,
severe problems in the immune system such as an abnormal augmentation in the
serum levels of the immunoglobulin; IgA, IgM, and the complement component
C3 in humans as well as chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs are caused
(Vawda et al. 2014; Behrendt et al. 2014). Chronic exposure of eye to air
pollutants, results in retinopathy and adverse ocular outcomes (West et al.
2013; Ghorani-Azam et al. 2016).
1.3.1.2 Remediations/Treatment of Air Pollution
It is not only an economic burden on a global scale, but also bears serious health
related issues to our environment. Some of the major sources of air pollution are
industries, thermal plants and IC engines, etc. With the latest technological
advancements, it is now possible to utilize efficiently the energy within fossil fuel.
For example, latest technologies used in engines like (MPFI) multipoint port fuel
injection system or (CRDI) which is common rail direct injection system (Sharma
et al. 2018) can be employed to minimize the use of fuel in engines and minimize its
toxic byproducts. Also, other techniques like (IDI) indirect injection engine system
and (GDI) which is gasoline direct injection system can be employed to reduce the
pollutants generated during road transport. It may be noted that quality of fuel burnt
also determines the amount and toxic levels of pollutants, example diesel engines
require high temperature to burn and because this fuel is used in (CI) compression
ignition engines, the fuel injected is compressed at high temperatures causing NO x
10
S. Negi et al.
Various studies have revealed that the air pollutants cause cardiovascular illnesses
(Snow et al. 2014; Andersen et al. 2012). They are also associated with changes in
leucocytes which also might be responsible for cardiovascular functions
(Steenhof et al. 2014). However, a study on animal models suggested the close
association between hypertension and exposure of air pollutants. The traffic
effluents, especially high levels of NO 2 , cause hypertrophy of right and left
ventricle (Leary et al. 2014; Van Hee et al. 2009).
• Neuropsychiatric complications
The correlation between the exposure of suspended air toxins and nervous system
has constantly been argued. The toxicity of air pollutants on nervous system
includes neurological problems and psychiatric disorders (Newman et al. 2013;
Haynes et al. 2011). Some workers have also shown that the association between
air pollutants causes elevated risk of neuro-inflammation, Alzheimer’s and
Parkinson’s diseases (Calderon-Garciduenas et al. 2008).
• Long-term effects
The first line of defense against foreign pathogens is skin. It is also a target organ
for pollution as it absorbs environmental pollutants equivalent to the respiratory
tract (Goldsmith 1996; Singh and Maibach 2013). The research has proved that
air pollutants like PAHs, VOCs, oxides, and PM affect skin aging and cause
pigmented spots on the face (Vierkötter et al. 2010; Drakaki et al. 2014). Several
air pollutants are hepatocarcinogenic chemicals, which also increases the incidence of autism and its related disorders in fetus and children (Ito et al. 2011;
Roberts et al. 2013; Becerra et al. 2013). Due to the deteriorating quality of air,
severe problems in the immune system such as an abnormal augmentation in the
serum levels of the immunoglobulin; IgA, IgM, and the complement component
C3 in humans as well as chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs are caused
(Vawda et al. 2014; Behrendt et al. 2014). Chronic exposure of eye to air
pollutants, results in retinopathy and adverse ocular outcomes (West et al.
2013; Ghorani-Azam et al. 2016).
1.3.1.2 Remediations/Treatment of Air Pollution
It is not only an economic burden on a global scale, but also bears serious health
related issues to our environment. Some of the major sources of air pollution are
industries, thermal plants and IC engines, etc. With the latest technological
advancements, it is now possible to utilize efficiently the energy within fossil fuel.
For example, latest technologies used in engines like (MPFI) multipoint port fuel
injection system or (CRDI) which is common rail direct injection system (Sharma
et al. 2018) can be employed to minimize the use of fuel in engines and minimize its
toxic byproducts. Also, other techniques like (IDI) indirect injection engine system
and (GDI) which is gasoline direct injection system can be employed to reduce the
pollutants generated during road transport. It may be noted that quality of fuel burnt
also determines the amount and toxic levels of pollutants, example diesel engines
require high temperature to burn and because this fuel is used in (CI) compression
ignition engines, the fuel injected is compressed at high temperatures causing NO x
10
S. Negi et al.