2 ISOALKY ™ Technology: Next-Generation Alkylate Gasoline …
47
9. Smith GP, Dworkin AS, Pagni RM, Zingg SP (1989) Brønsted superacidity of HCl in a liquid
chloroaluminate. AlCl 3 –1-Ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride. J Am Chem Soc 111:525.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00184a020
10. Estager J, Holbrey JD, Swad´ zba-Kwa´ sny M (2014) Halometallate ionic liquid – revisited.
Chem Soc Rev 43:847. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/CS/C3CS60310E
11. Aschauer S, Schilder L, Korth W, Fritschi S, Jess A (2011) Liquid-phase isobutane/butenealkylation using promoted Lewis-acidic IL-catalysts. Catal Lett 141:1405. https://link.springer.
com/article/10.1007/s10562-011-0675-2
12. P ¨
ohlmann F, Schilder L, Korth W, Jess A (2013) Liquid phase isobutane/2-butene alkylation
promoted by hydrogen chloride using Lewis-acidic ionic liquids. ChemPlusChem 78:570.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cplu.201300035
13. Schilder L, Maas S, Jess A (2013) Effective and intrinsic kinetics of liquid-phase isobutane/2butene alkylation catalyzed by chloroaluminate ionic liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:1877.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3028087
14. Liu Z, Zhang R, Xu C, Xia R (2006) Ionic liquid alkylation process produces highquality gasoline. Oil Gas J 104(40):52. https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/olc%3A174772467X/
PROCESSING-Ionic-liquid-alkylation-process-produces/
15. Cui J, de With J, Klusener PAA, Su X, Meng X, Zhang R, Liu Z, Xu C, Liu H (2014) Identification of acidic species in chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalysts. J Catal 320:26. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jcat.2014.09.004
16. Wong H, Meng X, Zhao G, Zhang S (2017) Isobutane/butene alkylation catalyzed by ionic
liquids: a more sustainable process for clean oil production. Green Chem 19:1462. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C6GC02791A
17. Hammett LP, Deyrup AJ (1932) A series of simple basic indicators. I. The acidity functions of
mixtures of sulfuric and perchloric acids with water. J Am Chem Soc 54:2721. https://pubs.
acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01346a015
18. Kranz K (2008) Intro to alkylation chemistry—mechanisms, operating variables and olefin
interactions. DuPont Stratco report, Sept 2008. http://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/
products-and-services/consulting-services-and-process-technologies/consulting-servicesand-process-technologies-landing/documents/AlkylationChemistry_RU.pdf
19. Albright LF (2009) Present and future alkylation processes in refineries. Ind Eng Chem Res
48:1409. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie801495p
20. Liolios G (2001) Acid Runaways in a sulfuric acid alkylation unit. DuPont Stratco
report, Nov 2001. http://www2.dupont.com/Clean_Technologies/es_MX/assets/downloads/
AcidRunaway2001.pdf
21. Luo H, Ahmed M, Parimi K, Chang BK (2011) Liquid-liquid separation process via coalescers.
US Patent 8,067,656
47
9. Smith GP, Dworkin AS, Pagni RM, Zingg SP (1989) Brønsted superacidity of HCl in a liquid
chloroaluminate. AlCl 3 –1-Ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride. J Am Chem Soc 111:525.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00184a020
10. Estager J, Holbrey JD, Swad´ zba-Kwa´ sny M (2014) Halometallate ionic liquid – revisited.
Chem Soc Rev 43:847. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/CS/C3CS60310E
11. Aschauer S, Schilder L, Korth W, Fritschi S, Jess A (2011) Liquid-phase isobutane/butenealkylation using promoted Lewis-acidic IL-catalysts. Catal Lett 141:1405. https://link.springer.
com/article/10.1007/s10562-011-0675-2
12. P ¨
ohlmann F, Schilder L, Korth W, Jess A (2013) Liquid phase isobutane/2-butene alkylation
promoted by hydrogen chloride using Lewis-acidic ionic liquids. ChemPlusChem 78:570.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cplu.201300035
13. Schilder L, Maas S, Jess A (2013) Effective and intrinsic kinetics of liquid-phase isobutane/2butene alkylation catalyzed by chloroaluminate ionic liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:1877.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3028087
14. Liu Z, Zhang R, Xu C, Xia R (2006) Ionic liquid alkylation process produces highquality gasoline. Oil Gas J 104(40):52. https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/olc%3A174772467X/
PROCESSING-Ionic-liquid-alkylation-process-produces/
15. Cui J, de With J, Klusener PAA, Su X, Meng X, Zhang R, Liu Z, Xu C, Liu H (2014) Identification of acidic species in chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalysts. J Catal 320:26. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jcat.2014.09.004
16. Wong H, Meng X, Zhao G, Zhang S (2017) Isobutane/butene alkylation catalyzed by ionic
liquids: a more sustainable process for clean oil production. Green Chem 19:1462. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C6GC02791A
17. Hammett LP, Deyrup AJ (1932) A series of simple basic indicators. I. The acidity functions of
mixtures of sulfuric and perchloric acids with water. J Am Chem Soc 54:2721. https://pubs.
acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01346a015
18. Kranz K (2008) Intro to alkylation chemistry—mechanisms, operating variables and olefin
interactions. DuPont Stratco report, Sept 2008. http://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/
products-and-services/consulting-services-and-process-technologies/consulting-servicesand-process-technologies-landing/documents/AlkylationChemistry_RU.pdf
19. Albright LF (2009) Present and future alkylation processes in refineries. Ind Eng Chem Res
48:1409. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie801495p
20. Liolios G (2001) Acid Runaways in a sulfuric acid alkylation unit. DuPont Stratco
report, Nov 2001. http://www2.dupont.com/Clean_Technologies/es_MX/assets/downloads/
AcidRunaway2001.pdf
21. Luo H, Ahmed M, Parimi K, Chang BK (2011) Liquid-liquid separation process via coalescers.
US Patent 8,067,656