200
T. J. S. Schubert
N
N
R
R'
N
N
R
R'
N
N
R
R'
H
A
N
N
R
R'
N
N
R
R'
H
N
N
R
R'
Scheme 8.1 Synthesizing ionic liquids using hydroxides as intermediates
N
N
N
N
H 3 C
R
R
CH 3 CO 3
(CH 3 ) 2 CO 3
,
N
N
H 3 C
R
CH 3 CO 3
H
A
- CO 2 , - CH 3 OH
N
N
R
R'
Scheme 8.2 CBILS© technology, for more information see also: www.proionic.com
are useful intermediates for introducing an anion through the reaction of an acid
with the methylcarbonate anion. A new ionic liquid is formed, while methanol and
CO 2 are formed as side products (Scheme 8.2).
8.2.2.4 Other Types of Reactions
Synthesis of Heterocycles
Ionic liquids based on nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium, dominate the scientific literature in terms of the number
of publications. The 1-methyl derivatives of these heterocycles are commercially
available on larger scale, while longer chain lengths are only available for the mid or
lab scale. Consequently, if there is an increasing demand, especially for chain lengths
T. J. S. Schubert
N
N
R
R'
N
N
R
R'
N
N
R
R'
H
A
N
N
R
R'
N
N
R
R'
H
N
N
R
R'
Scheme 8.1 Synthesizing ionic liquids using hydroxides as intermediates
N
N
N
N
H 3 C
R
R
CH 3 CO 3
(CH 3 ) 2 CO 3
,
N
N
H 3 C
R
CH 3 CO 3
H
A
- CO 2 , - CH 3 OH
N
N
R
R'
Scheme 8.2 CBILS© technology, for more information see also: www.proionic.com
are useful intermediates for introducing an anion through the reaction of an acid
with the methylcarbonate anion. A new ionic liquid is formed, while methanol and
CO 2 are formed as side products (Scheme 8.2).
8.2.2.4 Other Types of Reactions
Synthesis of Heterocycles
Ionic liquids based on nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium, dominate the scientific literature in terms of the number
of publications. The 1-methyl derivatives of these heterocycles are commercially
available on larger scale, while longer chain lengths are only available for the mid or
lab scale. Consequently, if there is an increasing demand, especially for chain lengths