Now a number of BEWSs types are known
(see reviews: Kramer and Foekema 2001;
Kuklina et al. 2013). Modern BEWSs allow
revealing at early stages possible threatening for
ecological safety of water supply in time scale
from minutes up to an hour.
In the recent paper, the results of successful longterm operation of two types of original automated
systems of BEWS developed in SRCES RAS and
are installed at State Unitary Enterprises “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” are presented. In such automated systems, freshwater crayfish as a biosensor is
used with the stress as ecotoxicological biomarkers
indicative parameters.
10.2 Experience of Bioelectronic
System BioArgus for Water
Toxicity Monitoring
for the Water Supply Stations
Intakes
The following specific requirements for all
BEWS systems to make management decisions
concerned with the community drinking water
supply (WS) are:
1. Time of water exchange at inlet chamber of
intake works of WS stations and in aquariums
with biosensors in BEWSs has to be similar.
2. Time of detection and the subsequent elaboration of management decision for stop of a
water intake and interruption in supply of
natural water of a source for further treatment
facilities of waterworks shall be less, than
time for which water reaches them from the
inlet chamber. Otherwise, there can be a situation it will be necessary to stop waterworks for a long time to carry out expensive
works on the recovery.
3. Time for management decision to stop treatment facilities of the WS shall not exceed the
time demanded for emptying of the tank of
clear water at usual daily water consumption
by population in the certain region (usually
about 5–7 h). Therefore, it imposes special
requirements to the rapidity of detection and
identification in laboratory of the toxicant
chemical nature in incoming water of source.
The results of the analysis shall give the
answer to a question: whether it is possible to
receive water of drinking quality.
Other important factors are the choice of
suitable test organisms and the maintenance of
comfortable conditions for their long-time keeping and functioning in the industrial BEWS.
10.2.1 Requirements to Organisms
for Bioindication
of Surface Water Quality
Requirements to test organisms for bioindication
and bioassay of the environmental components,
in general, are reported in numerous scientific
studies (Zaitseva et al. 1994).
The requirements to test organisms in realtime BEWSs can be formulated as follows:
1. To use reference group of test organisms in
which animals shall be genetically uniform
individuals not only of one species, but also
the same population (or micropopulations),
which is cultivated and maintained in the
same conditions in which biomonitoring is
carried out. Also, selected animals shall be
functionally healthy and their physiotypes
shall provide likeness of sensitivity and tolerance, and also uniformity of responses to
toxic treatment. It promotes high reproducibility of responses that is necessary for
biotesting method standardization.
2. Test organisms shall have rather high level of
their metabolism what promotes rapid
responses to toxicant and, as a result, can
provide a rapid water quality assessment.
3. It is desirable to use native (local) species,
which are key species in studied biocenosis. It
is possible to take also invasive species,
which adapted to life in a new environmental
condition, forming steady population.
4. The information arriving from the selected
biosensor organism shall be read out
10 Industrial Operation of the Biological …
129
(see reviews: Kramer and Foekema 2001;
Kuklina et al. 2013). Modern BEWSs allow
revealing at early stages possible threatening for
ecological safety of water supply in time scale
from minutes up to an hour.
In the recent paper, the results of successful longterm operation of two types of original automated
systems of BEWS developed in SRCES RAS and
are installed at State Unitary Enterprises “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” are presented. In such automated systems, freshwater crayfish as a biosensor is
used with the stress as ecotoxicological biomarkers
indicative parameters.
10.2 Experience of Bioelectronic
System BioArgus for Water
Toxicity Monitoring
for the Water Supply Stations
Intakes
The following specific requirements for all
BEWS systems to make management decisions
concerned with the community drinking water
supply (WS) are:
1. Time of water exchange at inlet chamber of
intake works of WS stations and in aquariums
with biosensors in BEWSs has to be similar.
2. Time of detection and the subsequent elaboration of management decision for stop of a
water intake and interruption in supply of
natural water of a source for further treatment
facilities of waterworks shall be less, than
time for which water reaches them from the
inlet chamber. Otherwise, there can be a situation it will be necessary to stop waterworks for a long time to carry out expensive
works on the recovery.
3. Time for management decision to stop treatment facilities of the WS shall not exceed the
time demanded for emptying of the tank of
clear water at usual daily water consumption
by population in the certain region (usually
about 5–7 h). Therefore, it imposes special
requirements to the rapidity of detection and
identification in laboratory of the toxicant
chemical nature in incoming water of source.
The results of the analysis shall give the
answer to a question: whether it is possible to
receive water of drinking quality.
Other important factors are the choice of
suitable test organisms and the maintenance of
comfortable conditions for their long-time keeping and functioning in the industrial BEWS.
10.2.1 Requirements to Organisms
for Bioindication
of Surface Water Quality
Requirements to test organisms for bioindication
and bioassay of the environmental components,
in general, are reported in numerous scientific
studies (Zaitseva et al. 1994).
The requirements to test organisms in realtime BEWSs can be formulated as follows:
1. To use reference group of test organisms in
which animals shall be genetically uniform
individuals not only of one species, but also
the same population (or micropopulations),
which is cultivated and maintained in the
same conditions in which biomonitoring is
carried out. Also, selected animals shall be
functionally healthy and their physiotypes
shall provide likeness of sensitivity and tolerance, and also uniformity of responses to
toxic treatment. It promotes high reproducibility of responses that is necessary for
biotesting method standardization.
2. Test organisms shall have rather high level of
their metabolism what promotes rapid
responses to toxicant and, as a result, can
provide a rapid water quality assessment.
3. It is desirable to use native (local) species,
which are key species in studied biocenosis. It
is possible to take also invasive species,
which adapted to life in a new environmental
condition, forming steady population.
4. The information arriving from the selected
biosensor organism shall be read out
10 Industrial Operation of the Biological …
129