thermal stability of or plasticize polymers [11]. Compounds containing phosphorus,
nitrogen, halogens, boranes, silicones, and combinations of phosphorus-silica,
phosphorus-nitrogen, etc., belong to this category. These compounds can be used as
chain extenders or co-monomers during polymer synthesis. Of these, phosphorusbased compounds are more effective and compatible with thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. In some specific FRs, a synergetic effect occurs when combinations of P-N, P-Si, and N-Si compounds are used.
References
1. G. Camino, L. Costa, M. Luda, Mechanistic aspects of intumescent fire retardant systems, in:
Macromolecular Symposia (Wiley, 1993), pp. 71–83
2. M. Le Bras, S. Bourbigot, B. Revel, Comprehensive study of the degradation of an
intumescent EVA-based material during combustion. J. Mater. Sci. 34, 5777–5782 (1999)
3. K. Wazarkar, M. Kathalewar, A. Sabnis, Reactive modification of thermoplastic and
thermoset polymers using flame retardants: an overview. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 55,
71–91 (2016)
4. D.K. Chattopadhyay, K. Raju, Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high
performance applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 32, 352–418 (2007)
5. R. Kidder, Handbook of Fire Retardant Coatings and Fire Testing Services (1994)
6. Y. Khanna, E.M. Pearce, Synergism and flame retardancy, in: Flame-Retardant Polymeric
Materials (Springer, 1978), pp. 43–61
7. B.K. Kandola, A.R. Horrocks, Complex char formation in flame-retarded fiber/intumescent
combinations: physical and chemical nature of char1. Textile Res. J. 69, 374–381 (1999)
8. A.R. Horrocks, D. Price, D. Price, Fire Retardant Materials (Woodhead Publishing, 2001)
9. D. Aslin, The design and development of intumescent coatings for structural fire protection.
J. Oil Colour Chem. Ass. 72, 176–190 (1989)
10. G. Camino, L. Costa, M.L. di Cortemiglia, Overview of fire retardant mechanisms. Polym.
Degrad. Stabil. 33, 131–154 (1991)
11. S.M. Lomakin, G.E. Zaikov, Ecological Aspects of Polymer Flame Retardancy (VSP, 1999)
2.1 FR Polymers
9
nitrogen, halogens, boranes, silicones, and combinations of phosphorus-silica,
phosphorus-nitrogen, etc., belong to this category. These compounds can be used as
chain extenders or co-monomers during polymer synthesis. Of these, phosphorusbased compounds are more effective and compatible with thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. In some specific FRs, a synergetic effect occurs when combinations of P-N, P-Si, and N-Si compounds are used.
References
1. G. Camino, L. Costa, M. Luda, Mechanistic aspects of intumescent fire retardant systems, in:
Macromolecular Symposia (Wiley, 1993), pp. 71–83
2. M. Le Bras, S. Bourbigot, B. Revel, Comprehensive study of the degradation of an
intumescent EVA-based material during combustion. J. Mater. Sci. 34, 5777–5782 (1999)
3. K. Wazarkar, M. Kathalewar, A. Sabnis, Reactive modification of thermoplastic and
thermoset polymers using flame retardants: an overview. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 55,
71–91 (2016)
4. D.K. Chattopadhyay, K. Raju, Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high
performance applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 32, 352–418 (2007)
5. R. Kidder, Handbook of Fire Retardant Coatings and Fire Testing Services (1994)
6. Y. Khanna, E.M. Pearce, Synergism and flame retardancy, in: Flame-Retardant Polymeric
Materials (Springer, 1978), pp. 43–61
7. B.K. Kandola, A.R. Horrocks, Complex char formation in flame-retarded fiber/intumescent
combinations: physical and chemical nature of char1. Textile Res. J. 69, 374–381 (1999)
8. A.R. Horrocks, D. Price, D. Price, Fire Retardant Materials (Woodhead Publishing, 2001)
9. D. Aslin, The design and development of intumescent coatings for structural fire protection.
J. Oil Colour Chem. Ass. 72, 176–190 (1989)
10. G. Camino, L. Costa, M.L. di Cortemiglia, Overview of fire retardant mechanisms. Polym.
Degrad. Stabil. 33, 131–154 (1991)
11. S.M. Lomakin, G.E. Zaikov, Ecological Aspects of Polymer Flame Retardancy (VSP, 1999)
2.1 FR Polymers
9