importance of char formation, and morphological transformation are discussed. In
addition, this monograph gives a conclusion and an outline of future prospects of
environmentally–friendly FR polymers and their nanocomposites.
References
1. A.K. Mishra, S. Chattopadhyay, P. Rajamohanan, G.B. Nando, Effect of tethering on the
structure-property relationship of TPU-dual modified Laponite clay nanocomposites prepared
by ex-situ and in-situ techniques. Polymer 52, 1071–1083 (2011)
2. C. Xiang, W. Lu, Y. Zhu, Z. Sun, Z. Yan, C.C. Hwang, J.M. Tour, Carbon nanotube and
graphene nanoribbon-coated conductive Kevlar fibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 131–
136 (2011)
3. M.M.A. Nikje, A.B. Garmarudi, A.B. Idris, Polyurethane waste reduction and recycling: from
bench to pilot scales. Des. Monomers Polym. 14, 395–421 (2011)
4. P. Kiliaris, C.D. Papaspyrides, Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: an overview
of flame retardancy. Prog. Polym. Sci. 35, 902–958 (2010)
5. S.V. Levchik, Introduction of Flame Retardancy and Polymer Flammability (Wiley, New
Jersey, 2007)
6. A.B. Morgan, Flame retarded polymer layered silicate nanocomposites: a review of
commercial and open literature systems. Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 206–217 (2006)
7. E. Çakmakçı, A. Güngör, Preparation and characterization of flame retardant and proton
conducting boron phosphate/polyimide composites. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 98, 927–933
(2013)
8. H.t. Pu, L. Qiao, Liu Qz, Z.L. Yang, A new anhydrous proton conducting material based on
phosphoric acid doped polyimide. Eur. Polym. J. 41, 2505–2510 (2005)
9. L. Meng, C. Xu, T. Liu, H. Li, Q. Lu, J. Long, One-pot synthesis of highly cross-linked
fluorescent polyphosphazene nanoparticles for cell imaging. Polym. Chem. 6, 3155–3163
(2015)
10. L. Gu, G. Chen, Y. Yao, Two novel phosphorus–nitrogen-containing halogen-free flame
retardants of high performance for epoxy resin. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 108, 68–75 (2014)
11. C. Gao, L. Wang, Z. Lei, L. Yang, X. Xu, X. Guo, Property of intrinsic flame retardant epoxy
resin cured by functional magnesium organic composite salt and diethylenetriamine. Fire
Mater. 41, 180–192 (2017)
12. S. Levchik, A. Balabanovich, O. Ivashkevich, P. Gaponik, L. Costa, Thermal decomposition
of tetrazole-containing polymers. V. Poly-1-vinyl-5-aminotetrazole. Polym. Degrad. Stabil.
47, 333–338 (1995)
13. L.J. Qian, L.J. Ye, G.Z. Xu, J. Liu, J.Q. Guo, The non-halogen flame retardant epoxy resin
based on a novel compound with phosphaphenanthrene and cyclotriphosphazene double
functional groups. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 96, 1118–1124 (2011)
14. M. Thirumal, D. Khastgir, N.K. Singha, B. Manjunath, Y. Naik, Effect of foam density on the
properties of water blown rigid polyurethane foam. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108, 1810–1817
(2008)
15. C.Y. Su, A.Y. Lu, Y. Xu, F.R. Chen, A.N. Khlobystov, L.J. Li, High-quality thin graphene
films from fast electrochemical exfoliation. ACS Nano 5, 2332–2339 (2011)
16. X. Wang, L. Song, H. Yang, W. Xing, H. Lu, Y. Hu, Cobalt oxide/graphene composite for
highly efficient CO oxidation and its application in reducing the fire hazards of aliphatic
polyesters. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 3426–3431 (2012)
17. H. Ma, L. Zhao, J. Liu, J. Wang, J. Xu, Functionalizing carbon nanotubes by grafting
cyclotriphosphazene derivative to improve both mechanical strength and flame retardancy.
Polym. Compos. 35, 2187–2193 (2014)
1 Introduction
3
addition, this monograph gives a conclusion and an outline of future prospects of
environmentally–friendly FR polymers and their nanocomposites.
References
1. A.K. Mishra, S. Chattopadhyay, P. Rajamohanan, G.B. Nando, Effect of tethering on the
structure-property relationship of TPU-dual modified Laponite clay nanocomposites prepared
by ex-situ and in-situ techniques. Polymer 52, 1071–1083 (2011)
2. C. Xiang, W. Lu, Y. Zhu, Z. Sun, Z. Yan, C.C. Hwang, J.M. Tour, Carbon nanotube and
graphene nanoribbon-coated conductive Kevlar fibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 131–
136 (2011)
3. M.M.A. Nikje, A.B. Garmarudi, A.B. Idris, Polyurethane waste reduction and recycling: from
bench to pilot scales. Des. Monomers Polym. 14, 395–421 (2011)
4. P. Kiliaris, C.D. Papaspyrides, Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: an overview
of flame retardancy. Prog. Polym. Sci. 35, 902–958 (2010)
5. S.V. Levchik, Introduction of Flame Retardancy and Polymer Flammability (Wiley, New
Jersey, 2007)
6. A.B. Morgan, Flame retarded polymer layered silicate nanocomposites: a review of
commercial and open literature systems. Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 206–217 (2006)
7. E. Çakmakçı, A. Güngör, Preparation and characterization of flame retardant and proton
conducting boron phosphate/polyimide composites. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 98, 927–933
(2013)
8. H.t. Pu, L. Qiao, Liu Qz, Z.L. Yang, A new anhydrous proton conducting material based on
phosphoric acid doped polyimide. Eur. Polym. J. 41, 2505–2510 (2005)
9. L. Meng, C. Xu, T. Liu, H. Li, Q. Lu, J. Long, One-pot synthesis of highly cross-linked
fluorescent polyphosphazene nanoparticles for cell imaging. Polym. Chem. 6, 3155–3163
(2015)
10. L. Gu, G. Chen, Y. Yao, Two novel phosphorus–nitrogen-containing halogen-free flame
retardants of high performance for epoxy resin. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 108, 68–75 (2014)
11. C. Gao, L. Wang, Z. Lei, L. Yang, X. Xu, X. Guo, Property of intrinsic flame retardant epoxy
resin cured by functional magnesium organic composite salt and diethylenetriamine. Fire
Mater. 41, 180–192 (2017)
12. S. Levchik, A. Balabanovich, O. Ivashkevich, P. Gaponik, L. Costa, Thermal decomposition
of tetrazole-containing polymers. V. Poly-1-vinyl-5-aminotetrazole. Polym. Degrad. Stabil.
47, 333–338 (1995)
13. L.J. Qian, L.J. Ye, G.Z. Xu, J. Liu, J.Q. Guo, The non-halogen flame retardant epoxy resin
based on a novel compound with phosphaphenanthrene and cyclotriphosphazene double
functional groups. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 96, 1118–1124 (2011)
14. M. Thirumal, D. Khastgir, N.K. Singha, B. Manjunath, Y. Naik, Effect of foam density on the
properties of water blown rigid polyurethane foam. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108, 1810–1817
(2008)
15. C.Y. Su, A.Y. Lu, Y. Xu, F.R. Chen, A.N. Khlobystov, L.J. Li, High-quality thin graphene
films from fast electrochemical exfoliation. ACS Nano 5, 2332–2339 (2011)
16. X. Wang, L. Song, H. Yang, W. Xing, H. Lu, Y. Hu, Cobalt oxide/graphene composite for
highly efficient CO oxidation and its application in reducing the fire hazards of aliphatic
polyesters. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 3426–3431 (2012)
17. H. Ma, L. Zhao, J. Liu, J. Wang, J. Xu, Functionalizing carbon nanotubes by grafting
cyclotriphosphazene derivative to improve both mechanical strength and flame retardancy.
Polym. Compos. 35, 2187–2193 (2014)
1 Introduction
3