5 Flame-Retardant Polyurethanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.1 Thermal Degradation and Evolution of Components
During PU Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2 Importance of Polyols in Flame-Retardant PUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.3 Phosphorus-Based Polyols for Flame-Retardant Polyurethanes . . . . 54
5.4 Importance and Reactivity of Diisocyanates in FR PUs . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5 Effect of Segmental Separation in PUs on Their FR Activity . . . . 56
5.6 Interactions Between P,N-Based FRs and PUs for FR Activity . . . 58
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6 Melt-Dripping and Char Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1 Relationship Between the Melting Dripping Characteristics
of Polymer Films and Fire Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.2 The Relationship Between Char Formation and Morphology
Development in Fire Retardant Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7 Polymer Nanocomposites for Fire Retardant Applications . . . . . . . . 83
7.1 FR Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Various
Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.2 Clay-Based Flame-Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . 93
7.3 Graphene-Based FR PNCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
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