352
curtain wall where the following equation calculates the energy output of a photovoltaic (PV) cell:
P
A G
PV
pvg
pvg
t
K
(16.1)
In this equation, η pvg refers to the PV generation efficiency, A pvg refers to the PV
generator area (m
2
), and G t refers to the solar radiation in a tilted module plane (W/
m
2
). η pvg can be further defined as
K
KK
E
pvg
r pc
c
cref
ª ¬
º ¼
1
T T
(16.2)
η pc refers to the power conditioning efficiency; when MPPT is applied, it is equal
to 1; β refers to the temperature coefficient (0.004–0.006 per °C); η r refers to the
reference module efficiency; and T cref refers to the reference cell temperature in
°C. The reference cell temperature (T cref ) can be obtained from the relation below:
T T
G
c
a
t
NOCT
§
©
¨
·
¹
¸
20
800
(16.3)
Fig. 16.4 Photonic
thermal activation
mechanism in various
parameters of PV cells
shows the charge
generation into the PV
cells [6, 33, 34]
16 Sustainable Cities and Communities