247
© Springer Nature B.V. 2020
G. Sindona et al. (eds.), Toxic Chemical and Biological Agents, NATO Science
for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2041-8_23
Chapter 23
Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined
with Microwave-Assisted Extraction Using
Eco-friendly Solvents as a New Approach
for the Analysis of Toxic Compounds
from Environmental Solid Matrices
Attilio Naccarato, Antonella Tassone, Sacha Moretti, Francesca Sprovieri,
Nicola Pirrone, and Antonio Tagarelli
Keywords Solid-phase microextraction · Particulate matter · Pollutants · Gas
chromatography · Design of experiment · Tandem mass spectrometry
A. Naccarato (*) · A. Tassone · S. Moretti · F. Sprovieri · N. Pirrone
CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rende, Italy
e-mail: attilio.naccarato@iia.cnr.it
A. Tagarelli
Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
Abstract Generally, Soxhlet extraction is still the most used technique in the official methods of analysis for solid matrices. This traditional approach is expensive,
time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly. For some years, a great effort has
been made to develop alternative and high-throughput analytical methods for the
pollutant extraction from solids in compliance with the basic requirements of Green
Analytical Chemistry (GAC). One of the most interesting approaches is the microwaveassisted extraction (MAE) because it allows for the rapid extraction of target
molecules from solid matrices with low solvent consumption; besides, the working
parameters can be controlled and properly optimized by univariate or multivariate
approaches.
© Springer Nature B.V. 2020
G. Sindona et al. (eds.), Toxic Chemical and Biological Agents, NATO Science
for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2041-8_23
Chapter 23
Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined
with Microwave-Assisted Extraction Using
Eco-friendly Solvents as a New Approach
for the Analysis of Toxic Compounds
from Environmental Solid Matrices
Attilio Naccarato, Antonella Tassone, Sacha Moretti, Francesca Sprovieri,
Nicola Pirrone, and Antonio Tagarelli
Keywords Solid-phase microextraction · Particulate matter · Pollutants · Gas
chromatography · Design of experiment · Tandem mass spectrometry
A. Naccarato (*) · A. Tassone · S. Moretti · F. Sprovieri · N. Pirrone
CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rende, Italy
e-mail: attilio.naccarato@iia.cnr.it
A. Tagarelli
Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
Abstract Generally, Soxhlet extraction is still the most used technique in the official methods of analysis for solid matrices. This traditional approach is expensive,
time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly. For some years, a great effort has
been made to develop alternative and high-throughput analytical methods for the
pollutant extraction from solids in compliance with the basic requirements of Green
Analytical Chemistry (GAC). One of the most interesting approaches is the microwaveassisted extraction (MAE) because it allows for the rapid extraction of target
molecules from solid matrices with low solvent consumption; besides, the working
parameters can be controlled and properly optimized by univariate or multivariate
approaches.