7.5.3 Exergy of Heat and Cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.6 Energy: Exergetic Content of Energy and the Definition
of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8 The Second Law: The Entropy Growth Potential Principle and
the Three-Place Relation in Heat Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.1 Introduction: The Energy Conversion Doctrine Truism . . . . . . . 190
8.1.1 Energy Conversion Doctrine and Energetics . . . . . . . . . 193
8.2 Laws of Balance and the Calculation of Entropy Production . . . 194
8.2.1 Calculation or Determination of Entropy Production . . . 196
8.3 The Entropic Drive Corollary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8.4 Entropic Drive Corollary for Isolated Systems: Pure
Spontaneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.5 The Entropy Growth Potential Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
8.5.1 Conceptual Differentiation of Entropy Growth and
Entropy Growth Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.6 The Predicative Entropic Theory of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.6.1 Peirce’s Reduction Thesis and Carnot’s Theory as a
Triadic Relational Theory of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.6.2 The Predicative Entropic Theory of Heat (PETH) . . . . . 214
8.7 The Triadic Framework: All Reversible Processes Are Heat
Extraction Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.7.1 Definition of Waste Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.7.2 Kinds of EGP’s: Stock EGP and Natural (Ongoing)
EGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
8.7.3 Additional Examples of Heat Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . 221
8.7.4 Reversible Free Heat D ^
Q and Free Energy DF . . . . . . . 222
8.7.5 Chemical Composite Systems: Gibbs Free Energy . . . . 223
8.8 Entropy Growth Potential and Reversibility’s Triadic
Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
9 Applications to Special States of Thermodynamic Equilibrium:
Gibbsian Thermodynamics for Physical and Chemical
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
9.1 The Fundamental Functions of State and the Fundamental
Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
9.1.1 Equations of State for Ideal Gases and the Ideal
Gas Fundamental Equation of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
9.2 Open Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
9.3 Open Systems with Semi-permeable Membrane Opening,
and Multicomponent Closed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
9.4 Formal Structure of Gibbsian Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Contents
xv
7.6 Energy: Exergetic Content of Energy and the Definition
of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8 The Second Law: The Entropy Growth Potential Principle and
the Three-Place Relation in Heat Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.1 Introduction: The Energy Conversion Doctrine Truism . . . . . . . 190
8.1.1 Energy Conversion Doctrine and Energetics . . . . . . . . . 193
8.2 Laws of Balance and the Calculation of Entropy Production . . . 194
8.2.1 Calculation or Determination of Entropy Production . . . 196
8.3 The Entropic Drive Corollary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8.4 Entropic Drive Corollary for Isolated Systems: Pure
Spontaneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.5 The Entropy Growth Potential Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
8.5.1 Conceptual Differentiation of Entropy Growth and
Entropy Growth Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.6 The Predicative Entropic Theory of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.6.1 Peirce’s Reduction Thesis and Carnot’s Theory as a
Triadic Relational Theory of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.6.2 The Predicative Entropic Theory of Heat (PETH) . . . . . 214
8.7 The Triadic Framework: All Reversible Processes Are Heat
Extraction Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.7.1 Definition of Waste Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.7.2 Kinds of EGP’s: Stock EGP and Natural (Ongoing)
EGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
8.7.3 Additional Examples of Heat Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . 221
8.7.4 Reversible Free Heat D ^
Q and Free Energy DF . . . . . . . 222
8.7.5 Chemical Composite Systems: Gibbs Free Energy . . . . 223
8.8 Entropy Growth Potential and Reversibility’s Triadic
Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
9 Applications to Special States of Thermodynamic Equilibrium:
Gibbsian Thermodynamics for Physical and Chemical
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
9.1 The Fundamental Functions of State and the Fundamental
Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
9.1.1 Equations of State for Ideal Gases and the Ideal
Gas Fundamental Equation of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
9.2 Open Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
9.3 Open Systems with Semi-permeable Membrane Opening,
and Multicomponent Closed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
9.4 Formal Structure of Gibbsian Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Contents
xv