144
9 Carbon-Carbon Cross-Coupling Reactions
9.2 Cross-Coupling Reactions by Metal Catalysts
Transition metal catalysts have long been used in organic and organometallic industry.
Their use for coupling reaction can be traced back to the late 19th century [50]. One
of the early reactions was Ullmann reaction that converts aryl halides to biphenyl
species via copper catalysis [51–53]. While early work used copper catalysts, a
copper/palladium catalyst was introduced to the coupling reaction by Heck in 1968
[54]. During the 70s’ and 80s’, several Pd catalyzed cross-coupling processes had
been discovered and a summary of the reactions is given in Fig. 9.1 [55–62]. These are
important developments that were recognized in the 2010 Nobel Prize in chemistry
awarded to Heck, Suzuki, and Negishi [63].
Fig. 9.1 Various cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by Palladium catalysts
9 Carbon-Carbon Cross-Coupling Reactions
9.2 Cross-Coupling Reactions by Metal Catalysts
Transition metal catalysts have long been used in organic and organometallic industry.
Their use for coupling reaction can be traced back to the late 19th century [50]. One
of the early reactions was Ullmann reaction that converts aryl halides to biphenyl
species via copper catalysis [51–53]. While early work used copper catalysts, a
copper/palladium catalyst was introduced to the coupling reaction by Heck in 1968
[54]. During the 70s’ and 80s’, several Pd catalyzed cross-coupling processes had
been discovered and a summary of the reactions is given in Fig. 9.1 [55–62]. These are
important developments that were recognized in the 2010 Nobel Prize in chemistry
awarded to Heck, Suzuki, and Negishi [63].
Fig. 9.1 Various cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by Palladium catalysts