[236, 270]. As compared to CLR, GLR (Hemileia coffeicola) is less epidemic and
involves the disruption of photosynthesis and phosphorus storage also causing
withering of plant [269]. ALS (Mycena citricolor and Omphalia pavida) is considered as serious problem in high quality coffee producing areas of altitude
1100–1500 m with high humidity in Central America. This disease is known to
occur on all parts of tree including berries except roots. Numerous round light brown
lesions with 5–10 mm diameter hole in leaf and no surrounding chlorosis appeared
that also lead to withering of plant and falling of fruit [243]. ALS and BES can also
reduce the productivity up to 35% due to infection and falling of fruits [248]. Coffee
Ringspot Virus is the only viral disease causing necrotic ring spot and paling along
the leaves. This virus completely destructs the physical quality of berries by making
a depression [271].
There are only two ways to control/mange the coffee IPDs epidemics: (a)
preventive managements and (2) supportive managements. Preventive managements
include every activity leading to the prohibition of occurrence of coffee IPDs like
avoiding the coffee cultivations at those areas where climatic changes are more
erratic or where the climatic conditions support the coffee IPDs epidemics. Preventive managements also include the breeding and introduction of durable IPDsresistant varieties in coffee IPDs epidemic areas [242]. The supportive management
includes action after the occurrence of coffee IPDs but before reaching their epidemic stage. These supportive managements include developing the ecological
control of coffee IPDs. The short time ecological controls may apply the chemical
fungicides, but these short term measures must be complemented with long term
measures like enhancing the multiple ecological control mechanisms by developing
new best practices, new best shade systems, bio-fungicides, cheap biological control
methods, etc. The supportive measures also involve improving the socioeconomic
condition of farmer for better agriculture practices, academia-farmer linkage, technology transfer and improved, updated and regular extension services.
2.8
Harvesting
Coffee harvesting is laborious and challenging activity in green coffee production
and processing. Generally, the widely used two methods for coffee harvesting are (i)
selective picking and (ii) strip picking [272]. Selective picking is an arduous hand
picking process in which only matured cherries are harvested individually for further
processing, whereas strip picking is the machine or harvester aided activity in which
all sort of/entire crop (fully matured, matured or under ripe) cherries are harvested/
picked. Selective picking is highly desirable but time intensive and costly method for
fine quality Arabica bean production of high quality green coffee. Contrarily,
mechanical picking method is more cost effective and suitable method to those
areas (e.g., Brazil) where cherries get mature uniformly [272]. For selective picking
method, the extent of picking times depends upon species, farm, tree, and agroecological conditions. In this method, normally three to seven pickings are required
for coffee Arabica. Harvesting at maturation stage is the most crucial step
688
A. Hameed et al.
involves the disruption of photosynthesis and phosphorus storage also causing
withering of plant [269]. ALS (Mycena citricolor and Omphalia pavida) is considered as serious problem in high quality coffee producing areas of altitude
1100–1500 m with high humidity in Central America. This disease is known to
occur on all parts of tree including berries except roots. Numerous round light brown
lesions with 5–10 mm diameter hole in leaf and no surrounding chlorosis appeared
that also lead to withering of plant and falling of fruit [243]. ALS and BES can also
reduce the productivity up to 35% due to infection and falling of fruits [248]. Coffee
Ringspot Virus is the only viral disease causing necrotic ring spot and paling along
the leaves. This virus completely destructs the physical quality of berries by making
a depression [271].
There are only two ways to control/mange the coffee IPDs epidemics: (a)
preventive managements and (2) supportive managements. Preventive managements
include every activity leading to the prohibition of occurrence of coffee IPDs like
avoiding the coffee cultivations at those areas where climatic changes are more
erratic or where the climatic conditions support the coffee IPDs epidemics. Preventive managements also include the breeding and introduction of durable IPDsresistant varieties in coffee IPDs epidemic areas [242]. The supportive management
includes action after the occurrence of coffee IPDs but before reaching their epidemic stage. These supportive managements include developing the ecological
control of coffee IPDs. The short time ecological controls may apply the chemical
fungicides, but these short term measures must be complemented with long term
measures like enhancing the multiple ecological control mechanisms by developing
new best practices, new best shade systems, bio-fungicides, cheap biological control
methods, etc. The supportive measures also involve improving the socioeconomic
condition of farmer for better agriculture practices, academia-farmer linkage, technology transfer and improved, updated and regular extension services.
2.8
Harvesting
Coffee harvesting is laborious and challenging activity in green coffee production
and processing. Generally, the widely used two methods for coffee harvesting are (i)
selective picking and (ii) strip picking [272]. Selective picking is an arduous hand
picking process in which only matured cherries are harvested individually for further
processing, whereas strip picking is the machine or harvester aided activity in which
all sort of/entire crop (fully matured, matured or under ripe) cherries are harvested/
picked. Selective picking is highly desirable but time intensive and costly method for
fine quality Arabica bean production of high quality green coffee. Contrarily,
mechanical picking method is more cost effective and suitable method to those
areas (e.g., Brazil) where cherries get mature uniformly [272]. For selective picking
method, the extent of picking times depends upon species, farm, tree, and agroecological conditions. In this method, normally three to seven pickings are required
for coffee Arabica. Harvesting at maturation stage is the most crucial step
688
A. Hameed et al.