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80. Zhang J, Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O (2009) Flavones and flavonols play distinct critical
roles during nodulation of Medicago truncatula by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Plant J
57:171–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03676.x
81. Lee S, Seo D-H, Park H-L, Choi Y, Jung S (2003) Solubility enhancement of a hydrophobic
flavonoid, luteolin by the complexation with cyclosophoraoses isolated from Rhizobium
meliloti. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 84:201–207
82. Lawson CGR, Rolfe BG, Djordjevic MA (1996) Rhizobium inoculation induces conditiondependent changes in the flavonoid composition of root exudates from Trifolium
subterraneum. Funct Plant Biol 23:93–101
83. Dakora FD, Joseph CM, Phillips DA (1993) Common bean root exudates contain elevated
levels of daidzein and coumestrol in response to Rhizobium inoculation. Mol Plant-Microbe
Interact 6:665–668
84. Bolanos-Vasquez MC, Werner D (1997) Effects of Rhizobium tropici, R. etli, and
R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli on nod gene-inducing flavonoids in root exudates of Phaseolus
vulgaris. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 10:339–346
85. Estabrook EM, Sengupta-Gopalan C (1991) Differential expression of phenylalanine
ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase during soybean nodule development. Plant Cell
3:299–308. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.3.3.299
86. Begum AA, Leibovitch S, Migner P, Zhang F (2001) Specific flavonoids induced nod gene
expression and pre-activated nod genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum increased pea (Pisum
sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) nodulation in controlled growth chamber environments. J Exp Bot 52:1537–1543
87. Novak K, Chovanec P, Skrdleta V, Kropacova M, Lisa L, Nemcova M (2002) Effect of
exogenous flavonoids on nodulation of pea (Pisum sativum L.). J Exp Bot 53:1735–1174
88. Kelly S, Sullivan JT, Kawaharada Y, Radutoiu S, Ronson CW, Stougaard J (2018) Regulation
of Nod factor biosynthesis by alternative NodD proteins at distinct stages of symbiosis
provides additional compatibility scrutiny. Environ Microbiol 20:97–110. https://doi.org/
10.1111/1462-2920.14006
89. Fisher RF, Long SR (1993) Interactions of NodD at the nod Box: NodD binds to two distinct
sites on the same face of the helix and induces a bend in the DNA. J Mol Biol 233:336–348
90. Peck MC, Fisher RF, Long SR (2006) Diverse flavonoids stimulate NodD1 binding to nod
gene promoters in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J Bacteriol 188:5417–5427. https://doi.org/
10.1128/JB.00376-06
91. Downie JA (2010) The roles of extracellular proteins, polysaccharides and signals in the
interactions of rhizobia with legume roots. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34:150–170. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00205.x
92. Phillips DA, Joseph CM, Maxwell CA (1992) Trigonelline and Stachydrine released from
alfalfa seeds activate NodD2 protein in Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Physiol 99:1526–1533
93. Ribeiro CW, Alloing G, Mandon K, Frendo P (2015) Redox regulation of differentiation in
symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Biochim Biophys Acta, Gen Subj 1850:1469–1478. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.018
94. Gourion B, Berrabah F, Ratet P, Stacey G (2015) Rhizobium-legume symbioses: the crucial
role of plant immunity. Trends Plant Sci 20:186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tplants.2014.11.008
95. Limpens E, Franken C, Smit P, Willemse J, Bisseling T, Geurts R (2003) LysM domain
receptor kinases regulating rhizobial Nod factor-induced infection. Science 302:630–633.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090074
96. Broghammer A, Krusell L, Blaise M, Sauer J, Sullivan JT, Maolanon N, Vinther M,
Lorentzen A, Madsen EB, Jensen KJ, Roepstorff P, Thirup S, Ronson CW, Thygesen MB,
Stougaard J (2012) Legume receptors perceive the rhizobial lipochitin oligosaccharide signal
318
U. Y. Stambulska and M. M. Bayliak
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02874.x
80. Zhang J, Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O (2009) Flavones and flavonols play distinct critical
roles during nodulation of Medicago truncatula by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Plant J
57:171–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03676.x
81. Lee S, Seo D-H, Park H-L, Choi Y, Jung S (2003) Solubility enhancement of a hydrophobic
flavonoid, luteolin by the complexation with cyclosophoraoses isolated from Rhizobium
meliloti. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 84:201–207
82. Lawson CGR, Rolfe BG, Djordjevic MA (1996) Rhizobium inoculation induces conditiondependent changes in the flavonoid composition of root exudates from Trifolium
subterraneum. Funct Plant Biol 23:93–101
83. Dakora FD, Joseph CM, Phillips DA (1993) Common bean root exudates contain elevated
levels of daidzein and coumestrol in response to Rhizobium inoculation. Mol Plant-Microbe
Interact 6:665–668
84. Bolanos-Vasquez MC, Werner D (1997) Effects of Rhizobium tropici, R. etli, and
R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli on nod gene-inducing flavonoids in root exudates of Phaseolus
vulgaris. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 10:339–346
85. Estabrook EM, Sengupta-Gopalan C (1991) Differential expression of phenylalanine
ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase during soybean nodule development. Plant Cell
3:299–308. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.3.3.299
86. Begum AA, Leibovitch S, Migner P, Zhang F (2001) Specific flavonoids induced nod gene
expression and pre-activated nod genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum increased pea (Pisum
sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) nodulation in controlled growth chamber environments. J Exp Bot 52:1537–1543
87. Novak K, Chovanec P, Skrdleta V, Kropacova M, Lisa L, Nemcova M (2002) Effect of
exogenous flavonoids on nodulation of pea (Pisum sativum L.). J Exp Bot 53:1735–1174
88. Kelly S, Sullivan JT, Kawaharada Y, Radutoiu S, Ronson CW, Stougaard J (2018) Regulation
of Nod factor biosynthesis by alternative NodD proteins at distinct stages of symbiosis
provides additional compatibility scrutiny. Environ Microbiol 20:97–110. https://doi.org/
10.1111/1462-2920.14006
89. Fisher RF, Long SR (1993) Interactions of NodD at the nod Box: NodD binds to two distinct
sites on the same face of the helix and induces a bend in the DNA. J Mol Biol 233:336–348
90. Peck MC, Fisher RF, Long SR (2006) Diverse flavonoids stimulate NodD1 binding to nod
gene promoters in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J Bacteriol 188:5417–5427. https://doi.org/
10.1128/JB.00376-06
91. Downie JA (2010) The roles of extracellular proteins, polysaccharides and signals in the
interactions of rhizobia with legume roots. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34:150–170. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00205.x
92. Phillips DA, Joseph CM, Maxwell CA (1992) Trigonelline and Stachydrine released from
alfalfa seeds activate NodD2 protein in Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Physiol 99:1526–1533
93. Ribeiro CW, Alloing G, Mandon K, Frendo P (2015) Redox regulation of differentiation in
symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Biochim Biophys Acta, Gen Subj 1850:1469–1478. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.018
94. Gourion B, Berrabah F, Ratet P, Stacey G (2015) Rhizobium-legume symbioses: the crucial
role of plant immunity. Trends Plant Sci 20:186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tplants.2014.11.008
95. Limpens E, Franken C, Smit P, Willemse J, Bisseling T, Geurts R (2003) LysM domain
receptor kinases regulating rhizobial Nod factor-induced infection. Science 302:630–633.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090074
96. Broghammer A, Krusell L, Blaise M, Sauer J, Sullivan JT, Maolanon N, Vinther M,
Lorentzen A, Madsen EB, Jensen KJ, Roepstorff P, Thirup S, Ronson CW, Thygesen MB,
Stougaard J (2012) Legume receptors perceive the rhizobial lipochitin oligosaccharide signal
318
U. Y. Stambulska and M. M. Bayliak