Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis: Secondary
Metabolites, Free Radical Processes,
and Effects of Heavy Metals
13
Uliana Ya. Stambulska and Maria M. Bayliak
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
2 The Establishment of Symbiotic Interaction Between Rhizobia and Leguminous Plants . . . 294
2.1 Nodule Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
2.2 Chemotaxis of Rhizobia to Root Exudates as an Early Event in Symbiotic
Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
2.3 Flavonoids as Plant Signal Molecules Activating Bacterial NodD Factors . . . . . . . . . 297
2.4 Nod Factors, Surface Polysaccharides, and Secreted Proteins as Rhizobial
Determinants of Host Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
2.5 Role of Phytohormones in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
2.6 Nodule Functioning and Senescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
3 Role of Free Radical Processes in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
3.1 Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species as Components of Plant Aerobic Metabolism
and Plant Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
3.2 Role of ROS/NO
• in Early Steps of Symbiotic Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
3.3 Redox Balance and Nodule Senescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
4 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals on Legumes and Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis . . . . . . . . 309
4.1 Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Plants: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
4.2 Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
4.3 Effects of Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis on Heavy Metal Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
5 Conclusions and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Abstract
Leguminous plants are able to establish symbiosis with a group of nitrogen-fixing
soil bacteria called collectively rhizobia. This symbiosis leads to the formation
of root nodules, specialized structures within which bacteria carry out nitrogen
U. Y. Stambulska (*) · M. M. Bayliak (*)
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University,
Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
e-mail: ustambulska@ukr.net; bayliak@ukr.net
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites,
Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_43
291
Metabolites, Free Radical Processes,
and Effects of Heavy Metals
13
Uliana Ya. Stambulska and Maria M. Bayliak
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
2 The Establishment of Symbiotic Interaction Between Rhizobia and Leguminous Plants . . . 294
2.1 Nodule Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
2.2 Chemotaxis of Rhizobia to Root Exudates as an Early Event in Symbiotic
Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
2.3 Flavonoids as Plant Signal Molecules Activating Bacterial NodD Factors . . . . . . . . . 297
2.4 Nod Factors, Surface Polysaccharides, and Secreted Proteins as Rhizobial
Determinants of Host Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
2.5 Role of Phytohormones in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
2.6 Nodule Functioning and Senescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
3 Role of Free Radical Processes in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
3.1 Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species as Components of Plant Aerobic Metabolism
and Plant Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
3.2 Role of ROS/NO
• in Early Steps of Symbiotic Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
3.3 Redox Balance and Nodule Senescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
4 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals on Legumes and Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis . . . . . . . . 309
4.1 Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Plants: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
4.2 Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
4.3 Effects of Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis on Heavy Metal Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
5 Conclusions and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Abstract
Leguminous plants are able to establish symbiosis with a group of nitrogen-fixing
soil bacteria called collectively rhizobia. This symbiosis leads to the formation
of root nodules, specialized structures within which bacteria carry out nitrogen
U. Y. Stambulska (*) · M. M. Bayliak (*)
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University,
Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
e-mail: ustambulska@ukr.net; bayliak@ukr.net
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites,
Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_43
291