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E. Tomaszewski and K. Kubiak-Wójcicka
role of anthropogenic and physiographical factors (mainly hydrogeological conditions and lakes). Multiannual tendencies of selected characteristics of low-flows, such
as minimum flows, low-flows duration, and inter-low-flows spacing, covered only a
part of investigated catchments and seem to be caused by natural as well as anthropogenic factors. Analysis of the probability of maximum low-flow episodes occurrence allowed to indicate areas with a high-risk rating of water shortage hazardous for
water ecosystems and water management operations. In the matter of probability and
risk of maximum low-flows duration there was possible to identify a full spectrum
of determinants which should be taken into consideration in local water resources
exploitation planning as well as in long-term strategies of water management in the
scale of the entire country.
References
1. Kundzewicz ZW (2008) Hydrological extremes in the changing world. Folia Geogr. Ser Geogr
Phys 39:37–52
2. Kundzewicz ZW, Jania JA (2007) Extreme hydro-meteorological events and their impacts.
From the global down to the regional scale. Geogr Pol 80(2):9–23
3. McMahon TA, Finlayson BL (2003) Droughts and anti-droughts: the low flow hydrology of
Australian rivers. Freshw Biol 48:1147–1160
4. Smakhtin VU (2001) Low flow hydrology: a review. J Hydrol 240:147–186
5. Tokarczyk T (2013) Classification of low flow and hydrological drought for a river basin. Acta
Geophys 61(2):404–421
6. Tomaszewski E (2012) Wieloletnia i sezonowa dynamika ni˙ zówek w rzekach ´
srodkowej
Polski (Multiannual and seasonal dynamics of low-flows in rivers of central Poland). Wyd.
Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łód´ z
7. Sene K (2010) Hydrometeorology. Forecasting and Applications, Springer, DordrechtHeidelberg-London-New York
8. Girgu´ s R, Strupczewski W (1965) Wyj˛ atki ze ´
zródeł historycznych o nadzwyczajnych
zjawiskach hydrologiczno-meteorologicznych na ziemiach polskich w wiekach od X do XVI.
Instr. i podr˛ ecz. PIHM, 87, WKiŁ, Warszawa
9. Bartnik A (2005) Odpływ niski w Polsce (Low flow in Poland). Acta Geogr Lodz 91:1–95
10. Biernat B (1987) Typowe okresy wyst˛ epowania ni˙ zówek (Typical periods of low-flow occurrence). In: Stachý J (ed) Atlas hydrologiczny Polski (Hydrological atlas of Poland). Wyd. Geol,
Warszawa, p 64
11. Farat R, K˛ epi´ nska-Kasprzak M, Kowalczak P, Mager P (1995) Susze na obszarze Polski w
latach 1951–1990 (Droughts on the area of Poland in the years 1951-1990). Mat. Bad. IMGW,
Seria: Gosp. Wodn. i Ochr. Wód, 16
12. K˛ epi´ nska-Kasprzak M (2014) Zagro˙ zenie wyst˛ apieniem ni˙ zówki w Polsce (Hazard of a lowflow occurrence in Poland). Monogr. Kom. Gosp. Wodn. PAN, XX, Warszawa, pp 163–172
13. Mikulski Z (1963) Zarys hydrografii Polski (Hydrography of Poland—an overview). PWN,
Warszawa
14. Mikulski Z (1998) Gospodarka wodna (Water management). Wyd. Nauk, PWN, Warszawa
15. Tomaszewski E (2017) Ni˙ zówki i susze (Low-flows and droughts). In: Jokiel P, Marszelewski W,
Pociask-Karteczka J (eds) Hydrologia Polski (Hydrology of Poland). Wydawnictwo Naukowe
PWN, Warszawa, pp 175–182
16. Dubicki A (ed) (2002) Zasoby wodne w dorzeczu górnej i ´
srodkowej Odry w warunkach suszy
(Water resources of the upper and middle Oder river basin in drought condition). Wyd. IMGW,
Warszawa
E. Tomaszewski and K. Kubiak-Wójcicka
role of anthropogenic and physiographical factors (mainly hydrogeological conditions and lakes). Multiannual tendencies of selected characteristics of low-flows, such
as minimum flows, low-flows duration, and inter-low-flows spacing, covered only a
part of investigated catchments and seem to be caused by natural as well as anthropogenic factors. Analysis of the probability of maximum low-flow episodes occurrence allowed to indicate areas with a high-risk rating of water shortage hazardous for
water ecosystems and water management operations. In the matter of probability and
risk of maximum low-flows duration there was possible to identify a full spectrum
of determinants which should be taken into consideration in local water resources
exploitation planning as well as in long-term strategies of water management in the
scale of the entire country.
References
1. Kundzewicz ZW (2008) Hydrological extremes in the changing world. Folia Geogr. Ser Geogr
Phys 39:37–52
2. Kundzewicz ZW, Jania JA (2007) Extreme hydro-meteorological events and their impacts.
From the global down to the regional scale. Geogr Pol 80(2):9–23
3. McMahon TA, Finlayson BL (2003) Droughts and anti-droughts: the low flow hydrology of
Australian rivers. Freshw Biol 48:1147–1160
4. Smakhtin VU (2001) Low flow hydrology: a review. J Hydrol 240:147–186
5. Tokarczyk T (2013) Classification of low flow and hydrological drought for a river basin. Acta
Geophys 61(2):404–421
6. Tomaszewski E (2012) Wieloletnia i sezonowa dynamika ni˙ zówek w rzekach ´
srodkowej
Polski (Multiannual and seasonal dynamics of low-flows in rivers of central Poland). Wyd.
Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łód´ z
7. Sene K (2010) Hydrometeorology. Forecasting and Applications, Springer, DordrechtHeidelberg-London-New York
8. Girgu´ s R, Strupczewski W (1965) Wyj˛ atki ze ´
zródeł historycznych o nadzwyczajnych
zjawiskach hydrologiczno-meteorologicznych na ziemiach polskich w wiekach od X do XVI.
Instr. i podr˛ ecz. PIHM, 87, WKiŁ, Warszawa
9. Bartnik A (2005) Odpływ niski w Polsce (Low flow in Poland). Acta Geogr Lodz 91:1–95
10. Biernat B (1987) Typowe okresy wyst˛ epowania ni˙ zówek (Typical periods of low-flow occurrence). In: Stachý J (ed) Atlas hydrologiczny Polski (Hydrological atlas of Poland). Wyd. Geol,
Warszawa, p 64
11. Farat R, K˛ epi´ nska-Kasprzak M, Kowalczak P, Mager P (1995) Susze na obszarze Polski w
latach 1951–1990 (Droughts on the area of Poland in the years 1951-1990). Mat. Bad. IMGW,
Seria: Gosp. Wodn. i Ochr. Wód, 16
12. K˛ epi´ nska-Kasprzak M (2014) Zagro˙ zenie wyst˛ apieniem ni˙ zówki w Polsce (Hazard of a lowflow occurrence in Poland). Monogr. Kom. Gosp. Wodn. PAN, XX, Warszawa, pp 163–172
13. Mikulski Z (1963) Zarys hydrografii Polski (Hydrography of Poland—an overview). PWN,
Warszawa
14. Mikulski Z (1998) Gospodarka wodna (Water management). Wyd. Nauk, PWN, Warszawa
15. Tomaszewski E (2017) Ni˙ zówki i susze (Low-flows and droughts). In: Jokiel P, Marszelewski W,
Pociask-Karteczka J (eds) Hydrologia Polski (Hydrology of Poland). Wydawnictwo Naukowe
PWN, Warszawa, pp 175–182
16. Dubicki A (ed) (2002) Zasoby wodne w dorzeczu górnej i ´
srodkowej Odry w warunkach suszy
(Water resources of the upper and middle Oder river basin in drought condition). Wyd. IMGW,
Warszawa