7 Studies on, the Use and Protection of Springs in Poland
121
Fig. 7.6 The Spring of Geologists in Gołcza on the Miechów Upland (Region VIII; cf. Fig. 7.7)
– photo P. Jokiel
John Nepomucene, Roch, Kinga of Poland, Florian. A number of the Polish springs
have their names derived from the cult of the Virgin Mary [7, 8] (Fig. 7.6).
In the mid nineteenth century, research papers relating to the temperature of water
of the springs located in the Tatras and the Pr˛ adnik valley [9, 10] and those on
the thermal properties of spring waters near Kraków and Warszawa [11, 12] were
published. A map of karst springs of the South-Eastern regions of Poland was also
printed [13]. Other noteworthy publications include monographs on the springs of
the Galicia – territory annexed by Austria [14, 15], a paper describing the locations
and features of submontane springs of the North face of the Tatras [16, 17], papers
describing the springs of the Przemsza and Szreniawa [18] and a description of
Bł˛ ekitne ´
Zródła (Blue Springs) near Tomaszów Mazowiecki [19]. Interest in the
natural discharge of groundwater was stimulated by the development of hydrographic
studies and works required for the development of a Hydrographic Map of Poland
[20]. Since the implementation of uniform methods to collect and process field data
and information on springs [21], mainly in universities and centers of PAN (Polish
Academy of Sciences), crenological studies have become more frequent and more
information has been published: on the springs of the Beskids [22–24], of the Tatras
[25, 26] and those located on the uplands [27–43] – Fig. 7.5. The first crenological
characterization of the Karkonosze Mountains was published [44]. On the lowlands
and in the lake districts, studies on springs were carried out at the same time by
several authors [45–49].
Studies on Polish springs were intensified again – in all geographic centers – at the
turn of the 20th and twenty-first century. This was accounted for by two conferences
121
Fig. 7.6 The Spring of Geologists in Gołcza on the Miechów Upland (Region VIII; cf. Fig. 7.7)
– photo P. Jokiel
John Nepomucene, Roch, Kinga of Poland, Florian. A number of the Polish springs
have their names derived from the cult of the Virgin Mary [7, 8] (Fig. 7.6).
In the mid nineteenth century, research papers relating to the temperature of water
of the springs located in the Tatras and the Pr˛ adnik valley [9, 10] and those on
the thermal properties of spring waters near Kraków and Warszawa [11, 12] were
published. A map of karst springs of the South-Eastern regions of Poland was also
printed [13]. Other noteworthy publications include monographs on the springs of
the Galicia – territory annexed by Austria [14, 15], a paper describing the locations
and features of submontane springs of the North face of the Tatras [16, 17], papers
describing the springs of the Przemsza and Szreniawa [18] and a description of
Bł˛ ekitne ´
Zródła (Blue Springs) near Tomaszów Mazowiecki [19]. Interest in the
natural discharge of groundwater was stimulated by the development of hydrographic
studies and works required for the development of a Hydrographic Map of Poland
[20]. Since the implementation of uniform methods to collect and process field data
and information on springs [21], mainly in universities and centers of PAN (Polish
Academy of Sciences), crenological studies have become more frequent and more
information has been published: on the springs of the Beskids [22–24], of the Tatras
[25, 26] and those located on the uplands [27–43] – Fig. 7.5. The first crenological
characterization of the Karkonosze Mountains was published [44]. On the lowlands
and in the lake districts, studies on springs were carried out at the same time by
several authors [45–49].
Studies on Polish springs were intensified again – in all geographic centers – at the
turn of the 20th and twenty-first century. This was accounted for by two conferences