samples. Indeed, determining the presence and quantification of pharmaceutical
residues in soil and plant tissues requires significant effort. Therefore, rapid progress
and improvements in instrumentation over the last decade have led to the development of new analytical procedures and control measurement tools that allow the
detection, identification, and quantification of an ever wider range of analytes at an
ever lower content level in samples characterized by a complex and variable matrix
such as soil or plant tissues. In these procedures, improvements have been made in
the detection, separation, identification, and quantification steps of the widest possible spectrum of analytes for a careful assessment of the state of the environment
and the life of aquatic and terrestrial organisms, as well as the impact on human
health.
These improvements, which can be used for the detection and quantification of
analytes, can include, for example, ecological extraction procedures thanks to the
use of alternative and more environmentally friendly solvents. New solutions can
also be represented by the introduction of simplified analytical protocols for the
preparation of samples and extraction processes, or by the application of miniaturized techniques that allow you to work on small quantities of sample, or by the
introduction of new sorbents for the cleanup of the matrix.
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) also has many unexplored potentials for studying the effects of drugs in soil or plants. In fact, its use together with
mathematical and chemometric models allows the development of methodologies
for the evaluation of the presence of thousands of unknown compounds or for the
study of metabolism through the retrospective analysis of previously acquired data.
Finally, in the near future, it will be possible to use direct analytical techniques
which allow to eliminate the treatment of the sample and which can be used for the
direct detection and/or determination of analytes, limiting the loss of the analytes of
interest due to the strong processes: extraction. This approach is particularly interesting because no sample preparation is necessary for the analysis of the tested
material.
A last wish would be to soon establish limits of xenobiotic contaminants in the
water reused in agriculture, as well as we should think of standardized analytical
methods as in the case of pesticides.
Acknowledgments This study has been financially supported by the EU through Water Joint
Programming Initiative (WATER-JPI) of the European Research Area (ERA-NET). Water
JPI-2015 AWARE project and the Spanish Ministry of Science (PCIN-2017-067). The EU is not
liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
530
S. Pérez et al.
residues in soil and plant tissues requires significant effort. Therefore, rapid progress
and improvements in instrumentation over the last decade have led to the development of new analytical procedures and control measurement tools that allow the
detection, identification, and quantification of an ever wider range of analytes at an
ever lower content level in samples characterized by a complex and variable matrix
such as soil or plant tissues. In these procedures, improvements have been made in
the detection, separation, identification, and quantification steps of the widest possible spectrum of analytes for a careful assessment of the state of the environment
and the life of aquatic and terrestrial organisms, as well as the impact on human
health.
These improvements, which can be used for the detection and quantification of
analytes, can include, for example, ecological extraction procedures thanks to the
use of alternative and more environmentally friendly solvents. New solutions can
also be represented by the introduction of simplified analytical protocols for the
preparation of samples and extraction processes, or by the application of miniaturized techniques that allow you to work on small quantities of sample, or by the
introduction of new sorbents for the cleanup of the matrix.
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) also has many unexplored potentials for studying the effects of drugs in soil or plants. In fact, its use together with
mathematical and chemometric models allows the development of methodologies
for the evaluation of the presence of thousands of unknown compounds or for the
study of metabolism through the retrospective analysis of previously acquired data.
Finally, in the near future, it will be possible to use direct analytical techniques
which allow to eliminate the treatment of the sample and which can be used for the
direct detection and/or determination of analytes, limiting the loss of the analytes of
interest due to the strong processes: extraction. This approach is particularly interesting because no sample preparation is necessary for the analysis of the tested
material.
A last wish would be to soon establish limits of xenobiotic contaminants in the
water reused in agriculture, as well as we should think of standardized analytical
methods as in the case of pesticides.
Acknowledgments This study has been financially supported by the EU through Water Joint
Programming Initiative (WATER-JPI) of the European Research Area (ERA-NET). Water
JPI-2015 AWARE project and the Spanish Ministry of Science (PCIN-2017-067). The EU is not
liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
530
S. Pérez et al.
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