Table 7
Extraction methodologies in earthworms
Pharmaceuticals
Extraction
method
Sample
mass
Extraction solvent Clean-up
Recoveries
(%)
RSD
(%)
LOD
Instrument
References
Carbamazepine,
diclofenac,
fluoxetine,
orlistat
USE
Methanol, ethyl
acetate, acetonitrile/water
(70:30 v/v), and
acetonitrile
No cleanup
86.3–100.9%
Liquid scintillation
counting
(LSC)
[133]
Caffeine, carbamazepine,
thiabendazole, trimethoprim, diphenhydramine,
d-limonene, galaxolide
(HHCB), tonalide
(AHTN), acetophenone,
indole, isoborneol, camphor, isoquinoline, menthol, 4-tert-octylphenol,
para-nonylphenol-total,
nonylphenol monoethoxytotal, nonylphenol,
diethoxy-total,
4-cumylphenol,
octylphenol, monoethoxy
octylphenol, diethoxy,
phenol, triclosan, 3-betacoprostanol, cholesterol,
beta-sitosterol,
stigmastanol, naphthalene, phenanthrene,
anthracene,
fluoranthene,
pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene,
2-methylnapthalene,
ASE
3–5 g
70:30 ACN/water
27–117%
HPLC-MS
and GC-MS
[183]
472
R. Manasfi et al.