5. Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2006) Earthworm biomarkers in ecological risk assessment. In: Ware
GW, Whitacre DM, Albert LA, de Voogt P, Gerba CP et al (eds) Reviews of environmental
contamination and toxicology: continuation of residue reviews. Springer, New York, pp 85–126
6. Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2010) Environmental applications of earthworm esterases in the
agroecosystem. J Pestic Sci 35:290–301
7. Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2011) Pesticide biomarkers in terrestrial invertebrates. In: Stoytcheva
M (ed) Pesticides in the modern world-pests control and pesticides exposure and toxicity
assessment. www.intechopen.com, pp 213–240
8. Rodriguez-Castellanos L, Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2007) Earthworm biomarkers of pesticide
contamination: current status and perspectives. J Pestic Sci 32:360–371
9. OECD (1984) OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: earthworm, acute toxicity test. No 207.
OECD, Paris
10. OECD (2004) OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: earthworm reproduction test. No 222.
OECD, Paris
11. Velki M, Ecimovic S (2017) Important issues in ecotoxicological investigations using earthworms. In: DeVoogt P (ed) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol
239, pp 157–184
12. Dawood M, Wahid A, Hashmi MZ, Mukhtar S, Malik Z (2017) Use of earthworms in
biomonitoring of soil xenobiotics. In: Hashmi MZ, Kumar V, Varma A (eds) Xenobiotics in
the soil environment: monitoring, toxicity and management, pp 73–88
13. Di L (2019) The impact of carboxylesterases in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Curr
Drug Metab 20:91–102
14. Vasseur P, Bonnard M (2014) Ecogenotoxicology in earthworms: a review. Curr Zool
60:255–272
15. Roubalova R, Prochazkova P, Dvorak J, Skanta F, Bilej M (2015) The role of earthworm
defense mechanisms in ecotoxicity studies. ISJ Invert Surviv J 12:203–213
16. Gong P, Perkins EJ (2016) Earthworm toxicogenomics: a renewed genome-wide quest for
novel biomarkers and mechanistic insights. Appl Soil Ecol 104:12–24
17. Gonzalez Vejares S, Sabat P, Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2010) Tissue-specific inhibition and
recovery of esterase activities in Lumbricus terrestris experimentally exposed to chlorpyrifos.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 151:351–359
18. Araneda AD, Undurraga P, Lopez D, Saez K, Barra R (2016) Use of earthworms as a pesticide
exposure indicator in soils under conventional and organic management. Chil J Agric Res
76:356–362
19. Mazzia C, Munir K, Wellby M, Rault M, Capowiez Y et al (2018) Nerve conduction velocity as
a non-destructive biomarker in the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa exposed to insecticides.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:24362–24367
20. Jouni F, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Mazzia C, Jobin M, Capowiez Y et al (2018) Interspecific
differences in biochemical and behavioral biomarkers in endogeic earthworms exposed to ethylparathion. Chemosphere 202:85–93
21. Ecimovic S, Grgic M, Bosnjakovic R, Velki M (2019) Biomarker responses in earthworm
coelomocyte extract – noninvasively collected sample for pesticide effect assessment.
Chemosphere 234:837–844
22. Hackenberger DK, Stjepanovic N, Loncaric Z, Hackenberger BK (2018) Acute and subchronic
effects of three herbicides on biomarkers and reproduction in earthworm Dendrobaena veneta.
Chemosphere 208:722–730
23. Li L, Yang D, Song Y, Shi Y, Huang B et al (2017) Effects of bifenthrin exposure in soil on
whole-organism endpoints and biomarkers of earthworm Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere
168:41–48
24. Owagboriaye F, Dedeke G, Bamidele J, Aladesida A, Isibor P et al (2020) Biochemical
response and vermiremediation assessment of three earthworm species (Alma millsoni, Eudrilus
eugeniae and Libyodrilus violaceus) in soil contaminated with a glyphosate-based herbicide.
Ecol Indic 108:105678
334
M. Solé
GW, Whitacre DM, Albert LA, de Voogt P, Gerba CP et al (eds) Reviews of environmental
contamination and toxicology: continuation of residue reviews. Springer, New York, pp 85–126
6. Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2010) Environmental applications of earthworm esterases in the
agroecosystem. J Pestic Sci 35:290–301
7. Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2011) Pesticide biomarkers in terrestrial invertebrates. In: Stoytcheva
M (ed) Pesticides in the modern world-pests control and pesticides exposure and toxicity
assessment. www.intechopen.com, pp 213–240
8. Rodriguez-Castellanos L, Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2007) Earthworm biomarkers of pesticide
contamination: current status and perspectives. J Pestic Sci 32:360–371
9. OECD (1984) OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: earthworm, acute toxicity test. No 207.
OECD, Paris
10. OECD (2004) OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: earthworm reproduction test. No 222.
OECD, Paris
11. Velki M, Ecimovic S (2017) Important issues in ecotoxicological investigations using earthworms. In: DeVoogt P (ed) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol
239, pp 157–184
12. Dawood M, Wahid A, Hashmi MZ, Mukhtar S, Malik Z (2017) Use of earthworms in
biomonitoring of soil xenobiotics. In: Hashmi MZ, Kumar V, Varma A (eds) Xenobiotics in
the soil environment: monitoring, toxicity and management, pp 73–88
13. Di L (2019) The impact of carboxylesterases in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Curr
Drug Metab 20:91–102
14. Vasseur P, Bonnard M (2014) Ecogenotoxicology in earthworms: a review. Curr Zool
60:255–272
15. Roubalova R, Prochazkova P, Dvorak J, Skanta F, Bilej M (2015) The role of earthworm
defense mechanisms in ecotoxicity studies. ISJ Invert Surviv J 12:203–213
16. Gong P, Perkins EJ (2016) Earthworm toxicogenomics: a renewed genome-wide quest for
novel biomarkers and mechanistic insights. Appl Soil Ecol 104:12–24
17. Gonzalez Vejares S, Sabat P, Sanchez-Hernandez JC (2010) Tissue-specific inhibition and
recovery of esterase activities in Lumbricus terrestris experimentally exposed to chlorpyrifos.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 151:351–359
18. Araneda AD, Undurraga P, Lopez D, Saez K, Barra R (2016) Use of earthworms as a pesticide
exposure indicator in soils under conventional and organic management. Chil J Agric Res
76:356–362
19. Mazzia C, Munir K, Wellby M, Rault M, Capowiez Y et al (2018) Nerve conduction velocity as
a non-destructive biomarker in the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa exposed to insecticides.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:24362–24367
20. Jouni F, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Mazzia C, Jobin M, Capowiez Y et al (2018) Interspecific
differences in biochemical and behavioral biomarkers in endogeic earthworms exposed to ethylparathion. Chemosphere 202:85–93
21. Ecimovic S, Grgic M, Bosnjakovic R, Velki M (2019) Biomarker responses in earthworm
coelomocyte extract – noninvasively collected sample for pesticide effect assessment.
Chemosphere 234:837–844
22. Hackenberger DK, Stjepanovic N, Loncaric Z, Hackenberger BK (2018) Acute and subchronic
effects of three herbicides on biomarkers and reproduction in earthworm Dendrobaena veneta.
Chemosphere 208:722–730
23. Li L, Yang D, Song Y, Shi Y, Huang B et al (2017) Effects of bifenthrin exposure in soil on
whole-organism endpoints and biomarkers of earthworm Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere
168:41–48
24. Owagboriaye F, Dedeke G, Bamidele J, Aladesida A, Isibor P et al (2020) Biochemical
response and vermiremediation assessment of three earthworm species (Alma millsoni, Eudrilus
eugeniae and Libyodrilus violaceus) in soil contaminated with a glyphosate-based herbicide.
Ecol Indic 108:105678
334
M. Solé