446. Ma Z, Michailides TJ (2005) Advances in understanding molecular mechanisms of fungicide
resistance and molecular detection of resistant genotypes in phytopathogenic fungi. Crop Prot
24:853–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.011
447. Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cuenca-Estrella M, Monzón A, Mellado E, Rodríguez-Tudela JL
(2008) Antifungal susceptibility profile of clinical Fusarium spp. isolates identified by molecular methods. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:805–809. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn022
448. Buil JB, Hare RK, Zwaan BJ, Arendrup MC, Melchers WJG, Verweij PE (2019) The fading
boundaries between patient and environmental routes of triazole resistance selection in
Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog 15:e1007858. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.
1007858
449. Chowdhary A, Kathuria S, Agarwal K, Sachdeva N, Singh PK, Jain S, Meis JF (2014)
Voriconazole-resistant penicillium oxalicum: an emerging pathogen in immunocompromised
hosts. Open Forum Infect Dis 1:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofu029
450. Pasqualotto AC, Thiele KO, Goldani LZ (2010) Novel triazole antifungal drugs: focus on
isavuconazole, ravuconazole and albaconazole. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11:164–174
451. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ (2004) Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: concern
for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol
42:4419–4431. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.10.4419-4431.2004
452. Whaley SG, Berkow EL, Rybak JM, Nishimoto AT, Barker KS, Rogers PD (2017) Azole
antifungal resistance in Candida albicans and emerging non-albicans Candida Species. Front
Microbiol 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02173
453. Verweij PE, Chowdhary A, Melchers WJG, Meis JF (2016) Azole resistance in aspergillus
fumigatus: can we retain the clinical use of mold-active antifungal azoles? Clin Infect Dis
62:362–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ885
454. Ribas e Ribas AD, Spolti P, Del Ponte EM, Donato KZ, Schrekker H, Fuentefria AM (2016) Is
the emergence of fungal resistance to medical triazoles related to their use in the
agroecosystems? A mini review. Braz J Microbiol 47:793–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
bjm.2016.06.006
455. Snelders E, Camps SMT, Karawajczyk A, Schaftenaar G, Kema GHJ, van der Lee HA,
Klaassen CH, Melchers WJG, Verweij PE (2012) Triazole fungicides can induce crossresistance to medical triazoles in aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 7:e31801. https://doi.org/
10.1371/journal.pone.0031801
456. Verweij PE, Kema GHJ, Zwaan B, Melchers WJ (2013) Triazole fungicides and the selection
of resistance to medical triazoles in the opportunistic mould Aspergillus fumigatus. Pest
Manag Sci 69:165–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3390
457. Araújo GRDS, De Souza W, Frases S (2017) The hidden pathogenic potential of environmental fungi. Future Microbiol 12:1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2017-0124
458. Denham ST, Wambaugh MA, Brown JCS (2019) How environmental fungi cause a range of
clinical outcomes in susceptible hosts. J Mol Biol 431:2982–3009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmb.2019.05.003
459. O’Quinn RP, Hoffmann JL, Boyd AS (2001) Colletotrichum species as emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: a report of 3 cases of phaeohyphomycosis and review. J Am Acad
Dermatol 45:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2000.113691
460. Shivaprakash MR, Appannanavar SB, Dhaliwal M, Gupta A, Gupta S, Gupta A, Chakrabarti
A (2011) Colletotrichum truncatum: an unusual pathogen causing mycotic keratitis and
endophthalmitis. J Clin Microbiol 49:2894–2898. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00151-11
461. Tsitsopoulou A, Posso R, Vale L, Bebb S, Johnson E, White PL (2018) Determination of the
prevalence of triazole resistance in environmental Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated in
South Wales, UK. Front Microbiol 9:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01395
462. Satapute P, Kamble MV, Adhikari SS, Jogaiah S (2019) Influence of triazole pesticides on
tillage soil microbial populations and metabolic changes. Sci Total Environ 651:2334–2344.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.099
Impact of PhACs on Soil Microorganisms
309
resistance and molecular detection of resistant genotypes in phytopathogenic fungi. Crop Prot
24:853–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.011
447. Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cuenca-Estrella M, Monzón A, Mellado E, Rodríguez-Tudela JL
(2008) Antifungal susceptibility profile of clinical Fusarium spp. isolates identified by molecular methods. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:805–809. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn022
448. Buil JB, Hare RK, Zwaan BJ, Arendrup MC, Melchers WJG, Verweij PE (2019) The fading
boundaries between patient and environmental routes of triazole resistance selection in
Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog 15:e1007858. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.
1007858
449. Chowdhary A, Kathuria S, Agarwal K, Sachdeva N, Singh PK, Jain S, Meis JF (2014)
Voriconazole-resistant penicillium oxalicum: an emerging pathogen in immunocompromised
hosts. Open Forum Infect Dis 1:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofu029
450. Pasqualotto AC, Thiele KO, Goldani LZ (2010) Novel triazole antifungal drugs: focus on
isavuconazole, ravuconazole and albaconazole. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11:164–174
451. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ (2004) Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: concern
for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol
42:4419–4431. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.10.4419-4431.2004
452. Whaley SG, Berkow EL, Rybak JM, Nishimoto AT, Barker KS, Rogers PD (2017) Azole
antifungal resistance in Candida albicans and emerging non-albicans Candida Species. Front
Microbiol 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02173
453. Verweij PE, Chowdhary A, Melchers WJG, Meis JF (2016) Azole resistance in aspergillus
fumigatus: can we retain the clinical use of mold-active antifungal azoles? Clin Infect Dis
62:362–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ885
454. Ribas e Ribas AD, Spolti P, Del Ponte EM, Donato KZ, Schrekker H, Fuentefria AM (2016) Is
the emergence of fungal resistance to medical triazoles related to their use in the
agroecosystems? A mini review. Braz J Microbiol 47:793–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
bjm.2016.06.006
455. Snelders E, Camps SMT, Karawajczyk A, Schaftenaar G, Kema GHJ, van der Lee HA,
Klaassen CH, Melchers WJG, Verweij PE (2012) Triazole fungicides can induce crossresistance to medical triazoles in aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 7:e31801. https://doi.org/
10.1371/journal.pone.0031801
456. Verweij PE, Kema GHJ, Zwaan B, Melchers WJ (2013) Triazole fungicides and the selection
of resistance to medical triazoles in the opportunistic mould Aspergillus fumigatus. Pest
Manag Sci 69:165–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3390
457. Araújo GRDS, De Souza W, Frases S (2017) The hidden pathogenic potential of environmental fungi. Future Microbiol 12:1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2017-0124
458. Denham ST, Wambaugh MA, Brown JCS (2019) How environmental fungi cause a range of
clinical outcomes in susceptible hosts. J Mol Biol 431:2982–3009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmb.2019.05.003
459. O’Quinn RP, Hoffmann JL, Boyd AS (2001) Colletotrichum species as emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: a report of 3 cases of phaeohyphomycosis and review. J Am Acad
Dermatol 45:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2000.113691
460. Shivaprakash MR, Appannanavar SB, Dhaliwal M, Gupta A, Gupta S, Gupta A, Chakrabarti
A (2011) Colletotrichum truncatum: an unusual pathogen causing mycotic keratitis and
endophthalmitis. J Clin Microbiol 49:2894–2898. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00151-11
461. Tsitsopoulou A, Posso R, Vale L, Bebb S, Johnson E, White PL (2018) Determination of the
prevalence of triazole resistance in environmental Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated in
South Wales, UK. Front Microbiol 9:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01395
462. Satapute P, Kamble MV, Adhikari SS, Jogaiah S (2019) Influence of triazole pesticides on
tillage soil microbial populations and metabolic changes. Sci Total Environ 651:2334–2344.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.099
Impact of PhACs on Soil Microorganisms
309