NH
2
O
N
O
NH
2
O
N
OH
O
H
N
O
NH
2
O
H
NH
2
O
N
N
H
2
O
H
O
O
OH
O
N
H
O
NH
S
O
H
NH
2
O
N
OH
O
N
H
O
N
H
2
S
O
H
NH
2
O
N
OH
O
N
H
2
S
O
H
NH
2
O
N
N
O
N
N
OH
N
H
O
O
NH
2
O
N
OH
OH
N
O
NH
2
NH
2
O
N
OH
OH
NH
2
O
N
O
O
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine10-11-epoxide
9-Acridinecarboxaldehyde
Acridine
Acridone
9-hydroxy-acridine
Carbamazepine2-3-epoxide
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxycarbamazepine
2,3-dihydroxycarbamazepine
carbamazepine2,3-quinone
10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxycarbamazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy11-glutathionyl-carbamazepine
11-cysteinylglycinilcarbamazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy11-cysteinyl-carbamazepine
A. rusticana
D. nitroreducens
R. radiobacter
Fig. 14
Metabolic pathways of carbamazepine in Armoracia rusticana
hairy roots inoculated with the endophytic bacteria Diaphorobacter nitroreducens
and
Rhizobium radiobacter
isolated from Phragmites australis
plants exposed to carbamazepine. Adapted from [29]
Metabolism of Pharmaceuticals in Plants and Their Associated Microbiota
255