705
58. Biazek M, Czaja K (2008) Dichlorovanadium (IV) complexes with salen-type ligands for ethylene polymerization. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 46(20):6940–6949
59. Hagen H, Bezemer C, Boersma J, Kooijman H, Lutz M, Spek AL, van Koten G (2000)
Vanadium(IV) and -(V) complexes with O,N-chelating aminophenolate and pyridylalkoxide
ligands. Inorg Chem 39(18):3970–2977
60. Liguori D, Centore R, Csok Z, Tuzi A (2004) Polymerization of propene and 1,3-butadiene
with vanadyl(V) monoamidinate precatalysts and MAO or dialkylaluminum chloride cocatalysts. Macromol Chem Phys 205(8):1058–1063
61. Meppelder GM, Halbach TS, Spaniol TP, Mülhaupt R, Okuda J (2009) A vanadium(V) complex with a tetradentate [OSSO]-type bis(phenolato) ligand: synthesis, structure, and ethylene
polymerization activity. J Organomet Chem 694(7):1235–1237
62. Redshaw C, Rowan MA, Warford L, Homden DM, Arbaoui A, Elsegood MRJ, Dale SH,
Yamato T, Casas CP, Matsui S, Matsuura S (2007) Oxo- and Imidovanadium complexes incorporating methylene- and dimethyleneoxa-bridged calix[3]- and -[4]arenes: synthesis, structures and ethylene polymerisation catalysis. Chem Eur J 13(4):1090–1107
63. Nomura K, Sagara A, Imanishi Y (2002) Olefin polymerization and ring-opening metathesis
polymerization of norbornene by (arylimido)(aryloxo)vanadium(v) complexes of the type
VX2(NAr)(OAr’). Remarkable effect of aluminum cocatalyst for the coordination and insertion and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Macromolecules 35(5):1583–1590
64. Wang W, Nomura K (2005) Remarkable effects of aluminum cocatalyst and comonomer in
ethylene copolymerizations catalyzed by (Arylimido)(aryloxo)vanadium complexes: efficient synthesis of high molecular weight ethylene/norbornene copolymer. Macromolecules
38(14):5905–5913
65. Takasao G, Wada T, Thakur A, Chammingkwan P, Terano M, Taniike T (2019) Machine
learning-aided structure determination for TiCl 4 –capped MgCl 2 nanoplate of heterogeneous
Ziegler–Natta catalyst. ACS Catal 9(3):2599–2609
66. Vittoria A, Meppelder A, Friederichs N, Busico V, Cipullo R (2020) Ziegler–Natta catalysts:
regioselectivity and “hydrogen response”. ACS Catal 10(1):644–651
67. Yu Y, Cipullo R, Boisson C (2019) Alkynyl ether labeling: a selective and efficient approach to
count active sites of olefin polymerization catalysts. ACS Catal 9(4):3098–3103
68. Desert X, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E (2019) Quantification of active sites in single-site group 4
metal olefin polymerization catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 386(1):50–68
69. Moscato BM, Zhu B, Landis CR (2010) GPC and ESI-MS analysis of labeled poly(1-hexene):
rapid determination of initiated site counts during catalytic alkene polymerization reactions. J
Am Chem Soc 132(41):14352–14354
70. Bossers KW, Valadian R, Zanoni S, Smeets R, Friederichs N, Garrevoet J, Meirer F,
Weckhuysen BM (2020) Correlated X-ray ptychography and fluorescence nano-tomography
on the fragmentation behavior of an individual catalyst particle during the early stages of olefin
polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 142(8):3691–3695
71. Piovano A, Thushara KS, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E (2016) Unraveling the catalytic synergy between Ti
3+ and Al
3+ sites on a chlorinated Al2O3: a tandem approach to branched polyethylene. Angew Chem 128(37):11369–11372
Evolution of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts for Polymerization of Olefins
58. Biazek M, Czaja K (2008) Dichlorovanadium (IV) complexes with salen-type ligands for ethylene polymerization. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 46(20):6940–6949
59. Hagen H, Bezemer C, Boersma J, Kooijman H, Lutz M, Spek AL, van Koten G (2000)
Vanadium(IV) and -(V) complexes with O,N-chelating aminophenolate and pyridylalkoxide
ligands. Inorg Chem 39(18):3970–2977
60. Liguori D, Centore R, Csok Z, Tuzi A (2004) Polymerization of propene and 1,3-butadiene
with vanadyl(V) monoamidinate precatalysts and MAO or dialkylaluminum chloride cocatalysts. Macromol Chem Phys 205(8):1058–1063
61. Meppelder GM, Halbach TS, Spaniol TP, Mülhaupt R, Okuda J (2009) A vanadium(V) complex with a tetradentate [OSSO]-type bis(phenolato) ligand: synthesis, structure, and ethylene
polymerization activity. J Organomet Chem 694(7):1235–1237
62. Redshaw C, Rowan MA, Warford L, Homden DM, Arbaoui A, Elsegood MRJ, Dale SH,
Yamato T, Casas CP, Matsui S, Matsuura S (2007) Oxo- and Imidovanadium complexes incorporating methylene- and dimethyleneoxa-bridged calix[3]- and -[4]arenes: synthesis, structures and ethylene polymerisation catalysis. Chem Eur J 13(4):1090–1107
63. Nomura K, Sagara A, Imanishi Y (2002) Olefin polymerization and ring-opening metathesis
polymerization of norbornene by (arylimido)(aryloxo)vanadium(v) complexes of the type
VX2(NAr)(OAr’). Remarkable effect of aluminum cocatalyst for the coordination and insertion and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Macromolecules 35(5):1583–1590
64. Wang W, Nomura K (2005) Remarkable effects of aluminum cocatalyst and comonomer in
ethylene copolymerizations catalyzed by (Arylimido)(aryloxo)vanadium complexes: efficient synthesis of high molecular weight ethylene/norbornene copolymer. Macromolecules
38(14):5905–5913
65. Takasao G, Wada T, Thakur A, Chammingkwan P, Terano M, Taniike T (2019) Machine
learning-aided structure determination for TiCl 4 –capped MgCl 2 nanoplate of heterogeneous
Ziegler–Natta catalyst. ACS Catal 9(3):2599–2609
66. Vittoria A, Meppelder A, Friederichs N, Busico V, Cipullo R (2020) Ziegler–Natta catalysts:
regioselectivity and “hydrogen response”. ACS Catal 10(1):644–651
67. Yu Y, Cipullo R, Boisson C (2019) Alkynyl ether labeling: a selective and efficient approach to
count active sites of olefin polymerization catalysts. ACS Catal 9(4):3098–3103
68. Desert X, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E (2019) Quantification of active sites in single-site group 4
metal olefin polymerization catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 386(1):50–68
69. Moscato BM, Zhu B, Landis CR (2010) GPC and ESI-MS analysis of labeled poly(1-hexene):
rapid determination of initiated site counts during catalytic alkene polymerization reactions. J
Am Chem Soc 132(41):14352–14354
70. Bossers KW, Valadian R, Zanoni S, Smeets R, Friederichs N, Garrevoet J, Meirer F,
Weckhuysen BM (2020) Correlated X-ray ptychography and fluorescence nano-tomography
on the fragmentation behavior of an individual catalyst particle during the early stages of olefin
polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 142(8):3691–3695
71. Piovano A, Thushara KS, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E (2016) Unraveling the catalytic synergy between Ti
3+ and Al
3+ sites on a chlorinated Al2O3: a tandem approach to branched polyethylene. Angew Chem 128(37):11369–11372
Evolution of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts for Polymerization of Olefins