703
15. Kaminsky W, Külper K, Niedoba S (1986) Olefin polymerization with highly active soluble
zirconium compounds using aluminoxane as co-catalyst. Macromol Chem 3(1):377–387
16. Pino P, Mulhaupt R (1980) Stereospecific polymerization of propylene: an outlook 25 years
after its discovery. Angew Chem 19(11):857–875
17. Ewen JA (1984) Mechanisms of stereochemical control in propylene polymerizations with soluble Group 4B metallocene/methylalumoxane catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 106(21):6355–6364
18. Zambelli A, Locatelli P, Provasoli A, Ferro DR (1980) Correlation between
13 C NMR chemical shifts and conformation of polymers. 3. Hexad sequence assignments of methylene. Spec
Polyprop 13(2):267–270
19. Boor J Jr, Youngman EA (1966) Preparation and characterization of syndiotactic polypropylene. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 4(7):1861–1884
20. Bovey FA, Tiers GVD (1960) Polymer NSR spectroscopy. II. The high resolution spectra of
methyl methacrylate polymers prepared with free radical and anionic initiators. J Polym Sci
44(143):173–182
21. Moore EPJ (1996) Polypropylene handbook: polymerization, characterization, properties,
applications. Hanser Publishers, Munich
22. Uehara H, Yamazaki Y, Kanamoto T (1996) Tensile properties of highly syndiotactic polypropylene. Polymer 37(1):57–64
23. Collette JW, Tullock CW, MacDonald RN, Buck WH, Su ACL, Harrell JR, Mulhaupt R,
Anderson BR (1989) Elastomeric polypropylenes from alumina-supported tetraalkyl Group
IVB catalysts. 1. Synthesis and properties of high molecular weight stereoblock homopolymers. Macromolecules 22(10):3851–3858
24. Corradini P, Guerra G, Pucciariello R (1985) New model of the origin of the stereospecificity
in the synthesis of syndiotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 18(10):2030–2034
25. Kaminsky W (1998) Highly active metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization. J Chem
Soc Dalton Trans 9:1413–1418
26. Wild FRWP, Zsolnai L, Huttner G, Brintzinger HH (1982) ansa-Metallocene derivatives
IV. Synthesis and molecular structures of chiral ansa-titanocene derivatives with bridged tetrahydroindenyl ligands. J Organomet Chem 232(1):233–147
27. Tshuva EY, Goldberg I, Kol M (2000) Isospecific living polymerization of 1-hexene by a
readily available nonmetallocene C2-symmetrical zirconium catalyst. J Am Chem Soc
122(43):10706–10707
28. Marques MM, Correia SG, Ascenso JR, Ribeiro AFG, Gomes PT, Dias AR, Foster P, Rausch
MD, Chien JCW (1999) Polymerization with TMA-protected polar vinyl comonomers.
I. Catalyzed by group 4 metal complexes with η5-type ligands. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem
37(14):2457–2469
29. Luo S, Vela J, Lief GR, Jordan RF (2007) Copolymerization of ethylene and alkyl vinyl ethers
by a (phosphine- sulfonate)PdMe catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 129(29):8946–8947
30. Nozaki K, Kusumoto S, Noda S, Kochi T, Chung LW, Morokuma K (2010) Why did incorporation of acrylonitrile to a linear polyethylene become possible? Comparison of phosphine–
sulfonate ligand with diphosphine and imine–phenolate ligands in the Pd-catalyzed ethylene/
acrylonitrile copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 132(45):16030–16042
31. Leicht H, Gottker-Schnetmann I, Mecking S (2013) Incorporation of vinyl chloride in insertion polymerization. Angew Chem 52(14):3963–3966
32. Ito S, Munakata K, Nakamura A, Nozaki K (2009) Copolymerization of vinyl acetate with ethylene by palladium/alkylphosphine–sulfonate catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 131(41):14606–14607
33. Johnson LK, Mecking S, Brookhart M (1996) Copolymerization of ethylene and propylene with
functionalized vinyl monomers by palladium(II) catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 118(1):267–268
34. Gaikwad SR, Deshmukh SS, Gonnade RG, Rajamohanan PR, Chikkali SH (2015) Insertion
copolymerization of difunctional polar vinyl monomers with ethylene. ACS Macro Lett
4(9):933–937
35. Guironnet D, Caporaso L, Neuwald B, Göttker-Schnetmann I, Cavallo L, Mecking S (2010)
Mechanistic insights on acrylate insertion polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 132(12):4418–4426
Evolution of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts for Polymerization of Olefins
15. Kaminsky W, Külper K, Niedoba S (1986) Olefin polymerization with highly active soluble
zirconium compounds using aluminoxane as co-catalyst. Macromol Chem 3(1):377–387
16. Pino P, Mulhaupt R (1980) Stereospecific polymerization of propylene: an outlook 25 years
after its discovery. Angew Chem 19(11):857–875
17. Ewen JA (1984) Mechanisms of stereochemical control in propylene polymerizations with soluble Group 4B metallocene/methylalumoxane catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 106(21):6355–6364
18. Zambelli A, Locatelli P, Provasoli A, Ferro DR (1980) Correlation between
13 C NMR chemical shifts and conformation of polymers. 3. Hexad sequence assignments of methylene. Spec
Polyprop 13(2):267–270
19. Boor J Jr, Youngman EA (1966) Preparation and characterization of syndiotactic polypropylene. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 4(7):1861–1884
20. Bovey FA, Tiers GVD (1960) Polymer NSR spectroscopy. II. The high resolution spectra of
methyl methacrylate polymers prepared with free radical and anionic initiators. J Polym Sci
44(143):173–182
21. Moore EPJ (1996) Polypropylene handbook: polymerization, characterization, properties,
applications. Hanser Publishers, Munich
22. Uehara H, Yamazaki Y, Kanamoto T (1996) Tensile properties of highly syndiotactic polypropylene. Polymer 37(1):57–64
23. Collette JW, Tullock CW, MacDonald RN, Buck WH, Su ACL, Harrell JR, Mulhaupt R,
Anderson BR (1989) Elastomeric polypropylenes from alumina-supported tetraalkyl Group
IVB catalysts. 1. Synthesis and properties of high molecular weight stereoblock homopolymers. Macromolecules 22(10):3851–3858
24. Corradini P, Guerra G, Pucciariello R (1985) New model of the origin of the stereospecificity
in the synthesis of syndiotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 18(10):2030–2034
25. Kaminsky W (1998) Highly active metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization. J Chem
Soc Dalton Trans 9:1413–1418
26. Wild FRWP, Zsolnai L, Huttner G, Brintzinger HH (1982) ansa-Metallocene derivatives
IV. Synthesis and molecular structures of chiral ansa-titanocene derivatives with bridged tetrahydroindenyl ligands. J Organomet Chem 232(1):233–147
27. Tshuva EY, Goldberg I, Kol M (2000) Isospecific living polymerization of 1-hexene by a
readily available nonmetallocene C2-symmetrical zirconium catalyst. J Am Chem Soc
122(43):10706–10707
28. Marques MM, Correia SG, Ascenso JR, Ribeiro AFG, Gomes PT, Dias AR, Foster P, Rausch
MD, Chien JCW (1999) Polymerization with TMA-protected polar vinyl comonomers.
I. Catalyzed by group 4 metal complexes with η5-type ligands. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem
37(14):2457–2469
29. Luo S, Vela J, Lief GR, Jordan RF (2007) Copolymerization of ethylene and alkyl vinyl ethers
by a (phosphine- sulfonate)PdMe catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 129(29):8946–8947
30. Nozaki K, Kusumoto S, Noda S, Kochi T, Chung LW, Morokuma K (2010) Why did incorporation of acrylonitrile to a linear polyethylene become possible? Comparison of phosphine–
sulfonate ligand with diphosphine and imine–phenolate ligands in the Pd-catalyzed ethylene/
acrylonitrile copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 132(45):16030–16042
31. Leicht H, Gottker-Schnetmann I, Mecking S (2013) Incorporation of vinyl chloride in insertion polymerization. Angew Chem 52(14):3963–3966
32. Ito S, Munakata K, Nakamura A, Nozaki K (2009) Copolymerization of vinyl acetate with ethylene by palladium/alkylphosphine–sulfonate catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 131(41):14606–14607
33. Johnson LK, Mecking S, Brookhart M (1996) Copolymerization of ethylene and propylene with
functionalized vinyl monomers by palladium(II) catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 118(1):267–268
34. Gaikwad SR, Deshmukh SS, Gonnade RG, Rajamohanan PR, Chikkali SH (2015) Insertion
copolymerization of difunctional polar vinyl monomers with ethylene. ACS Macro Lett
4(9):933–937
35. Guironnet D, Caporaso L, Neuwald B, Göttker-Schnetmann I, Cavallo L, Mecking S (2010)
Mechanistic insights on acrylate insertion polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 132(12):4418–4426
Evolution of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts for Polymerization of Olefins