518
isomerization of pre-hydrogenated sunflower oils [85]. Under optimum conditions
the yield of biogas oils was >88% with i-/n-paraffins ratio of 3.2–6.8.
Pérez et al. [86] studied hydroisomerization of palm oil over Pt/SAPO-11. Before
applying palm oil to isomerization its desoxygenated was produced over the sulphided NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Under optimum conditions 71% of iso-desoxygenated
palm oil (i-HDO) and 29% of HDO were reported which possessed cetane index
of 92.4.
Liu et al. [87] varied the structure-directing agent (SDA) to prepare nano-sized
SAPO-11. The SDA used in synthesis are di-n-propylamine (DPA) mixed with
n-tetradecanoamine–n-propanol–H 2 O medium. Ni/SAPO-11 was tested for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of palm oil. Due to large surface of nano-sized SAPO-11,
high yield (80%) of liquid hydrocarbons with 80% isomerization selectivity was
reported. The same group reported that Ni dispersion on SAPO-11 blocks some of
the pores [88]. Also the weak and moderate acidic sites on SAPO-11 are primary
reasons for good catalytic activity. Different pathways like hydrodeoxygenation and
decarbonylation via the corresponding carboxylic acid intermediates are active on
catalyst and the distribution of liquid alkanes depends on it.
Verma et al. [89] studied hydroconversion of non-edible jatropha oil over Ni-W
catalyst supported over sulphided NiMo and NiW SAPO-11. About 84 wt% of liquid hydrocarbon with about 40% diesel and about 40% aviation kerosene was
obtained. The variation of Si content in a catalyst did not alter the conversion and
product distribution.
Kasza et al. [90] studied the application of 0.4 wt%Pt/SAPO-11 in the isomerization of rapeseed oil (C 12 –C 20 paraffin). Under optimum conditions T = 623 K, LHSV
1.0–1.5 h
−1
high amount of branched products were obtained. Liquid yield of >90%
iso-paraffin was reported.
Zhao et al. [91] studied bifunctional Ni 2 P/SAPO-11 for the hydroconversion of
methyl laurate. Methyl laurate was reported to have nearly 100% conversion with
the highest total selectivity to iso-undecane and iso-dodecane 36.9%. However, the
catalyst deactivated after 10 h of time on stream. The carbon deposits during the
course of reaction led to the deactivation.
Chen et al. [92] studied the same reaction on non-sulfide and sulfide NiMo/
SAPO-11, reduced NiO/SAPO-11 and MoO 3 /SAPO-11. On non-sulfide NiMo/
SAPO-11 at 648 K, almost 100% conversion was achieved. The selectivity of isomerized products decreased with an increase in reaction temperature. The high activity of the catalyst was attributed to active metal phase Mo
4+
and Mo
5+
.
Gong et al. [93] studied the effect of active metal (Pd, Ni, Ru, Pt) on SAPO-11
for the isomerization of hydrodeoxygenated jatropha oil. The catalytic activity of
catalysts decreased in the order of Pt/SAPO-11 > Pd/SAPO-11 > Ni/SAPO-11 > Ru/
SAPO-11, which might be attributable to the difference of hydrogenation–dehydrogenation activity of these metals. Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst showed high yield of 79.4%
toward iso-C 10–18 which might be due to appropriate acidic sites present on the catalyst. The increase in temperature favored multi-branched isomer formation from
mono-branched isomers.
R. Yadav and A. K. Singh
isomerization of pre-hydrogenated sunflower oils [85]. Under optimum conditions
the yield of biogas oils was >88% with i-/n-paraffins ratio of 3.2–6.8.
Pérez et al. [86] studied hydroisomerization of palm oil over Pt/SAPO-11. Before
applying palm oil to isomerization its desoxygenated was produced over the sulphided NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Under optimum conditions 71% of iso-desoxygenated
palm oil (i-HDO) and 29% of HDO were reported which possessed cetane index
of 92.4.
Liu et al. [87] varied the structure-directing agent (SDA) to prepare nano-sized
SAPO-11. The SDA used in synthesis are di-n-propylamine (DPA) mixed with
n-tetradecanoamine–n-propanol–H 2 O medium. Ni/SAPO-11 was tested for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of palm oil. Due to large surface of nano-sized SAPO-11,
high yield (80%) of liquid hydrocarbons with 80% isomerization selectivity was
reported. The same group reported that Ni dispersion on SAPO-11 blocks some of
the pores [88]. Also the weak and moderate acidic sites on SAPO-11 are primary
reasons for good catalytic activity. Different pathways like hydrodeoxygenation and
decarbonylation via the corresponding carboxylic acid intermediates are active on
catalyst and the distribution of liquid alkanes depends on it.
Verma et al. [89] studied hydroconversion of non-edible jatropha oil over Ni-W
catalyst supported over sulphided NiMo and NiW SAPO-11. About 84 wt% of liquid hydrocarbon with about 40% diesel and about 40% aviation kerosene was
obtained. The variation of Si content in a catalyst did not alter the conversion and
product distribution.
Kasza et al. [90] studied the application of 0.4 wt%Pt/SAPO-11 in the isomerization of rapeseed oil (C 12 –C 20 paraffin). Under optimum conditions T = 623 K, LHSV
1.0–1.5 h
−1
high amount of branched products were obtained. Liquid yield of >90%
iso-paraffin was reported.
Zhao et al. [91] studied bifunctional Ni 2 P/SAPO-11 for the hydroconversion of
methyl laurate. Methyl laurate was reported to have nearly 100% conversion with
the highest total selectivity to iso-undecane and iso-dodecane 36.9%. However, the
catalyst deactivated after 10 h of time on stream. The carbon deposits during the
course of reaction led to the deactivation.
Chen et al. [92] studied the same reaction on non-sulfide and sulfide NiMo/
SAPO-11, reduced NiO/SAPO-11 and MoO 3 /SAPO-11. On non-sulfide NiMo/
SAPO-11 at 648 K, almost 100% conversion was achieved. The selectivity of isomerized products decreased with an increase in reaction temperature. The high activity of the catalyst was attributed to active metal phase Mo
4+
and Mo
5+
.
Gong et al. [93] studied the effect of active metal (Pd, Ni, Ru, Pt) on SAPO-11
for the isomerization of hydrodeoxygenated jatropha oil. The catalytic activity of
catalysts decreased in the order of Pt/SAPO-11 > Pd/SAPO-11 > Ni/SAPO-11 > Ru/
SAPO-11, which might be attributable to the difference of hydrogenation–dehydrogenation activity of these metals. Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst showed high yield of 79.4%
toward iso-C 10–18 which might be due to appropriate acidic sites present on the catalyst. The increase in temperature favored multi-branched isomer formation from
mono-branched isomers.
R. Yadav and A. K. Singh