516
respectively. The product mixture shows the presence of ethylnaphthalene (EN),
methylnaphthalene (MN), dimethylnaphthalene (DMN), and trimethylnaphthalene
(TMN). SAPO-11 showed higher selectivity toward 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (2,6DMN) and 2,6−/2,7-DMN ratio than SAPO-5 which was attributed to the pore size
of SAPO-11 molecular sieve.
Eswaramoorthi et al. [72] studied 0.2 wt% Pt and a varying amount (0, 0.2, 0.4
and 0.6 wt%) of Ni containing SAPO-11 and SAPO-5 for n-hexane isomerization.
A decrease in the acidity of catalyst was observed with the addition of Ni. 2-methyl
pentane (2MP), 3-methyl pentane (3MP), 2,3-dimethyl butane (23DMB), and
2,2-dimethyl butane (22DMB) were major products obtained in the reaction.
0.2 wt% Pt-0.4 wt% Ni/SAPO-11 showed higher selectivity toward mono and dibranched products.
Bandyopadhyay et al. [73] prepared SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 by the dry-gel conversion (DGC) method. SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 were applied for iso-propylation of
biphenyl. SAPO-5 was reported more active with higher selectively toward
4,4′-diisopropylbiphenyl.
3.2 Fuel from Vegetable Oils/Biomass
The prevailing worldwide energy crisis, particularly exhausting non-renewable
energy sources like coal, petroleum, has shifted the growing interest of researchers
toward the development of biofuels. Biodiesel, mixture of mono-alkyl esters of
higher fatty acids, is obtained via trans-esterification of triglycerides from vegetable
oils with ethanol or methanol. Industries use alkalies (NaOH, KOH) in general practice for biodiesel production. However, the process suffers toxic waste generation,
product separation, and purification issues. The use of the heterogeneous catalyst
for green materials, biofuels, and sustainable chemicals is growing interest in chemical industries day by day. Different zeolite and zeo-type catalysts blended with
active metals like Zn, Ca, Ru, Mg have been successfully used in the transesterification process [74].
3.2.1 Studies over SAPO-34
Abdulkadir et al. [74] have reported transesterification of rambutan seed oil over
15 wt% Mg/SAPO-34 (15 Mg/SAPO-34) catalyst. The catalyst has showed
improved catalytic activity at a reaction temperature of 80 °C for 100 min with high
fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 90.7%[74]. Zirconium sulphate (ZS)–supported SAPO-34 has been successfully employed in the esterification process. It
was observed that 30wt%ZS/SAPO-34 catalysts display the property of superacid
irrespective of calcinations temperature [75]. Ni-supported Ni/SAPO-34 and Ni/
SAPO-11 have been used in hydrocracking of palm oil to jet biofuel. The Ni/
SAPO-34 catalyst exhibited the highest alkane selectivity (65%) and lowest arene
R. Yadav and A. K. Singh
respectively. The product mixture shows the presence of ethylnaphthalene (EN),
methylnaphthalene (MN), dimethylnaphthalene (DMN), and trimethylnaphthalene
(TMN). SAPO-11 showed higher selectivity toward 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (2,6DMN) and 2,6−/2,7-DMN ratio than SAPO-5 which was attributed to the pore size
of SAPO-11 molecular sieve.
Eswaramoorthi et al. [72] studied 0.2 wt% Pt and a varying amount (0, 0.2, 0.4
and 0.6 wt%) of Ni containing SAPO-11 and SAPO-5 for n-hexane isomerization.
A decrease in the acidity of catalyst was observed with the addition of Ni. 2-methyl
pentane (2MP), 3-methyl pentane (3MP), 2,3-dimethyl butane (23DMB), and
2,2-dimethyl butane (22DMB) were major products obtained in the reaction.
0.2 wt% Pt-0.4 wt% Ni/SAPO-11 showed higher selectivity toward mono and dibranched products.
Bandyopadhyay et al. [73] prepared SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 by the dry-gel conversion (DGC) method. SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 were applied for iso-propylation of
biphenyl. SAPO-5 was reported more active with higher selectively toward
4,4′-diisopropylbiphenyl.
3.2 Fuel from Vegetable Oils/Biomass
The prevailing worldwide energy crisis, particularly exhausting non-renewable
energy sources like coal, petroleum, has shifted the growing interest of researchers
toward the development of biofuels. Biodiesel, mixture of mono-alkyl esters of
higher fatty acids, is obtained via trans-esterification of triglycerides from vegetable
oils with ethanol or methanol. Industries use alkalies (NaOH, KOH) in general practice for biodiesel production. However, the process suffers toxic waste generation,
product separation, and purification issues. The use of the heterogeneous catalyst
for green materials, biofuels, and sustainable chemicals is growing interest in chemical industries day by day. Different zeolite and zeo-type catalysts blended with
active metals like Zn, Ca, Ru, Mg have been successfully used in the transesterification process [74].
3.2.1 Studies over SAPO-34
Abdulkadir et al. [74] have reported transesterification of rambutan seed oil over
15 wt% Mg/SAPO-34 (15 Mg/SAPO-34) catalyst. The catalyst has showed
improved catalytic activity at a reaction temperature of 80 °C for 100 min with high
fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 90.7%[74]. Zirconium sulphate (ZS)–supported SAPO-34 has been successfully employed in the esterification process. It
was observed that 30wt%ZS/SAPO-34 catalysts display the property of superacid
irrespective of calcinations temperature [75]. Ni-supported Ni/SAPO-34 and Ni/
SAPO-11 have been used in hydrocracking of palm oil to jet biofuel. The Ni/
SAPO-34 catalyst exhibited the highest alkane selectivity (65%) and lowest arene
R. Yadav and A. K. Singh