503
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. K. Pant et al. (eds.), Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65021-6_16
Recent Developments on Clean Fuels over
SAPO-Type Catalysts
Rekha Yadav and Arvind Kumar Singh
Abstract Aluminophosphate (AlPO) materials are analogous to zeolites, and possess wide application in catalysis, sorption, ion-exchange, etc. The advantage of
AlPOs over zeolites is that they hold flexible framework and offer different metal
ions to be incorporated into their framework. Consequently, their acidity can be
tuned or altered. The addition of silica in AlPO framework results in the formation
of silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO); the substitution of ions Si
4+
with P
5+
leads to the
acidic sites in the catalyst. Various types of pore openings ranging from small,
medium, to large diameters along with their multidimensional apertures make them
unique in catalysis in refineries, petrochemicals, and organic transformations. The
most explored SAPO materials for fuel production includes SAPO-11, SAPO-34,
SAPO-5, and SAPO-31. Methanol to olefins (MTO) is one of the promising ways to
catalytically convert natural gas to lower olefins via methanol. MTO reactions are
mostly studied over SAPO-34 molecular sieve. SAPO-34 molecular sieve possesses
chabazite (CHA) topology with 3D-8 pore opening. Hydrogenation of CO 2 to light
olefins with C 2 –C 4 selectivity over bifunctional catalysts is a promising route in
checking climate change and meeting fuel demand. The production of diesel is
reported over SAPO-11 molecular sieves using soybean oil and palm oil as feed.
SAPO-11 molecular sieves possess AEL topology with 1D-10 pore opening.
Similarly, SAPO-31 catalyst has been reported for hydro-treating of sunflower oil.
The preliminary studies of addition of vegetable oil into petroleum feedstock in
small quantities for co-hydro processing showed a promising result by improving
fuel product yields.
The current book chapter aims to delineate about the different pathways to produce clean fuel over different SAPO molecular sieves. Highlights have been made
on underlying mechanism involved in the catalytic pathways followed during the
process. It also encompasses some insights into future significance of the catalysts
that could lead to the implementation of a sustainable fuel production.
Keywords Aluminophosphates · Silicoaluminophosphate · SAPO · Molecular
sieves · MTO process · Hydroisomerization
R. Yadav
Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
A. K. Singh (*)
Department of Chemistry, S.B College, VKSU, Arrah, Bihar, India
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. K. Pant et al. (eds.), Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65021-6_16
Recent Developments on Clean Fuels over
SAPO-Type Catalysts
Rekha Yadav and Arvind Kumar Singh
Abstract Aluminophosphate (AlPO) materials are analogous to zeolites, and possess wide application in catalysis, sorption, ion-exchange, etc. The advantage of
AlPOs over zeolites is that they hold flexible framework and offer different metal
ions to be incorporated into their framework. Consequently, their acidity can be
tuned or altered. The addition of silica in AlPO framework results in the formation
of silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO); the substitution of ions Si
4+
with P
5+
leads to the
acidic sites in the catalyst. Various types of pore openings ranging from small,
medium, to large diameters along with their multidimensional apertures make them
unique in catalysis in refineries, petrochemicals, and organic transformations. The
most explored SAPO materials for fuel production includes SAPO-11, SAPO-34,
SAPO-5, and SAPO-31. Methanol to olefins (MTO) is one of the promising ways to
catalytically convert natural gas to lower olefins via methanol. MTO reactions are
mostly studied over SAPO-34 molecular sieve. SAPO-34 molecular sieve possesses
chabazite (CHA) topology with 3D-8 pore opening. Hydrogenation of CO 2 to light
olefins with C 2 –C 4 selectivity over bifunctional catalysts is a promising route in
checking climate change and meeting fuel demand. The production of diesel is
reported over SAPO-11 molecular sieves using soybean oil and palm oil as feed.
SAPO-11 molecular sieves possess AEL topology with 1D-10 pore opening.
Similarly, SAPO-31 catalyst has been reported for hydro-treating of sunflower oil.
The preliminary studies of addition of vegetable oil into petroleum feedstock in
small quantities for co-hydro processing showed a promising result by improving
fuel product yields.
The current book chapter aims to delineate about the different pathways to produce clean fuel over different SAPO molecular sieves. Highlights have been made
on underlying mechanism involved in the catalytic pathways followed during the
process. It also encompasses some insights into future significance of the catalysts
that could lead to the implementation of a sustainable fuel production.
Keywords Aluminophosphates · Silicoaluminophosphate · SAPO · Molecular
sieves · MTO process · Hydroisomerization
R. Yadav
Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
A. K. Singh (*)
Department of Chemistry, S.B College, VKSU, Arrah, Bihar, India