35
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. K. Pant et al. (eds.), Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65021-6_2
Recent Advances in Hydrotreating/
Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts: Part II—
Catalyst Additives, Preparation Methods,
Activation, Deactivation, and Regeneration
G. Valavarasu and B. Ramachandrarao
Abstract Additives play a key role in enhancing the activity of hydrotreating catalysts by means of influencing metal–support interactions, improving dispersion of
active metals on the support, enhancing the sulfidation degree, increasing stacking of
metal sulfide slabs on the support, etc. Additives are also reported to enhance the
stability of the catalysts apart from modifying their activity. Another aspect of
hydrotreating catalyst manufacture is the method of preparation of these catalysts,
which will influence the metal dispersion, support interactions, and ultimately the
performance. The present chapter (Part II) reviews the recent advances in hydrotreating/hydesulfurization catalysts in terms of additives/modifiers and various preparation methods. Other aspects of catalysts such as activation, deactivation, and
regeneration are also being discussed upon. Apart from this, catalyst requirements
for different hydrotreating feedstocks have also been covered, considering the
importance of feedstock type and characteristics on the selection of suitable catalysts.
Keywords Hydrotreating · Hydrodesulfurization · Hydrocracking · Catalyst
deactivation · Catalyst regeneration · Refining
1 Introduction
Catalysts play an important role in increasing the rate of hydrotreating reactions. As
discussed in Part 1 of the article, hydrotreating uses either metals of group VI A (Mo
and W) along with promoter metals of group VIII A (Co and Ni) or noble metals (Pt
and Pd) supported on alumina, silica-alumina, and/or zeolites as catalysts. HDT
catalysts should possess high activity, selectivity, and stability in order to produce
stringent product specifications such as sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics. Apart from
G. Valavarasu () · B. Ramachandrarao
HP Green R&D Center, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
e-mail: valavarasu@hpcl.in
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. K. Pant et al. (eds.), Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65021-6_2
Recent Advances in Hydrotreating/
Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts: Part II—
Catalyst Additives, Preparation Methods,
Activation, Deactivation, and Regeneration
G. Valavarasu and B. Ramachandrarao
Abstract Additives play a key role in enhancing the activity of hydrotreating catalysts by means of influencing metal–support interactions, improving dispersion of
active metals on the support, enhancing the sulfidation degree, increasing stacking of
metal sulfide slabs on the support, etc. Additives are also reported to enhance the
stability of the catalysts apart from modifying their activity. Another aspect of
hydrotreating catalyst manufacture is the method of preparation of these catalysts,
which will influence the metal dispersion, support interactions, and ultimately the
performance. The present chapter (Part II) reviews the recent advances in hydrotreating/hydesulfurization catalysts in terms of additives/modifiers and various preparation methods. Other aspects of catalysts such as activation, deactivation, and
regeneration are also being discussed upon. Apart from this, catalyst requirements
for different hydrotreating feedstocks have also been covered, considering the
importance of feedstock type and characteristics on the selection of suitable catalysts.
Keywords Hydrotreating · Hydrodesulfurization · Hydrocracking · Catalyst
deactivation · Catalyst regeneration · Refining
1 Introduction
Catalysts play an important role in increasing the rate of hydrotreating reactions. As
discussed in Part 1 of the article, hydrotreating uses either metals of group VI A (Mo
and W) along with promoter metals of group VIII A (Co and Ni) or noble metals (Pt
and Pd) supported on alumina, silica-alumina, and/or zeolites as catalysts. HDT
catalysts should possess high activity, selectivity, and stability in order to produce
stringent product specifications such as sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics. Apart from
G. Valavarasu () · B. Ramachandrarao
HP Green R&D Center, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
e-mail: valavarasu@hpcl.in