anthropogenic canopies, such as rough or smooth vegetable or modified canopies,
emphasizing mass flows driven by turbulent atmospheric flows and heat transfer
processes within the boundary layers involved. The authors aimed to provide a
review of the mathematical formulation that supports a range of ecological applications that underlie the evaluation of turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer, transient
transfer processes, evaporation, or carbon flows.
The whole content of this book follows a sequential pedagogical strategy, aimed
mainly at the graduate and postgraduate students in Environmental, Geographical,
Agricultural, and Forestry Engineering or Biological Sciences. The rationale is that
the framework of qualitative and quantitative principles of energy and mass transfer
presented will complement the biological-focused knowledge of these readers.
Thus, they will be better habilitated to integrate and interact with interdisciplinary
teams and thereby to assess complex global contemporary environmental issues
under a perspective of sustainable development. Such a strategy is multidimensional and requires the involvement of a wide range of sectors. This approach
should include a “consolidation and development of the scientific knowledge base
and the informed participation of stakeholders”. In this sense, the authors believe
that this book can contribute to that effort.
The book subjects were organized into eight chapters and two annexes to follow
sequentially. Chapter 1 includes a general characterization of the atmospheric
mixed boundary layer with an analysis of micro, macro, and synoptic atmospheric
scales in the troposphere. A description of its diurnal dynamics with atmospheric
stability and vertical adiabatic temperature gradients was carried out. Chapter 2 is
dedicated to a characterization of the atmospheric surface boundary layer based on
the analogy between eddy diffusivity in turbulent flow and molecular exchange in
laminar flow, allowing for flux-gradient assumptions underlying the aerodynamic
methodology for quantification of vertical fluxes of mass and energy. Chapter 3
presents a qualitative and quantitative formulation and parameterization of airflow
turbulence in the surface layer. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the continuum spectral turbulent dynamics was made with the discussion of scales of
production, inertial and dissipative of turbulent eddies, under distinct atmospheric
stability conditions, along with the evaluation of power spectra, autocorrelation, and
cross-correlation functions.
Chapter 4 develops the main processes of vertical heat and mass transfer on forest
canopies, wherein flux-gradient assumptions may not be valid, with canopy stomatal
resistance and drastic intermittent airflow events playing a relevant role in convective dynamics. The proneness of forest canopies to drag processes and their relevance on evapotranspiration and carbon sequestration and thus, the potential
mitigation in carbon change is also discussed. Chapter 5 describes the surface
boundary layer in urban and modified canopies such as low slope or hill surfaces,
with the development of processes such as internal and thermal boundary layers or
viii
Foreword II
emphasizing mass flows driven by turbulent atmospheric flows and heat transfer
processes within the boundary layers involved. The authors aimed to provide a
review of the mathematical formulation that supports a range of ecological applications that underlie the evaluation of turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer, transient
transfer processes, evaporation, or carbon flows.
The whole content of this book follows a sequential pedagogical strategy, aimed
mainly at the graduate and postgraduate students in Environmental, Geographical,
Agricultural, and Forestry Engineering or Biological Sciences. The rationale is that
the framework of qualitative and quantitative principles of energy and mass transfer
presented will complement the biological-focused knowledge of these readers.
Thus, they will be better habilitated to integrate and interact with interdisciplinary
teams and thereby to assess complex global contemporary environmental issues
under a perspective of sustainable development. Such a strategy is multidimensional and requires the involvement of a wide range of sectors. This approach
should include a “consolidation and development of the scientific knowledge base
and the informed participation of stakeholders”. In this sense, the authors believe
that this book can contribute to that effort.
The book subjects were organized into eight chapters and two annexes to follow
sequentially. Chapter 1 includes a general characterization of the atmospheric
mixed boundary layer with an analysis of micro, macro, and synoptic atmospheric
scales in the troposphere. A description of its diurnal dynamics with atmospheric
stability and vertical adiabatic temperature gradients was carried out. Chapter 2 is
dedicated to a characterization of the atmospheric surface boundary layer based on
the analogy between eddy diffusivity in turbulent flow and molecular exchange in
laminar flow, allowing for flux-gradient assumptions underlying the aerodynamic
methodology for quantification of vertical fluxes of mass and energy. Chapter 3
presents a qualitative and quantitative formulation and parameterization of airflow
turbulence in the surface layer. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the continuum spectral turbulent dynamics was made with the discussion of scales of
production, inertial and dissipative of turbulent eddies, under distinct atmospheric
stability conditions, along with the evaluation of power spectra, autocorrelation, and
cross-correlation functions.
Chapter 4 develops the main processes of vertical heat and mass transfer on forest
canopies, wherein flux-gradient assumptions may not be valid, with canopy stomatal
resistance and drastic intermittent airflow events playing a relevant role in convective dynamics. The proneness of forest canopies to drag processes and their relevance on evapotranspiration and carbon sequestration and thus, the potential
mitigation in carbon change is also discussed. Chapter 5 describes the surface
boundary layer in urban and modified canopies such as low slope or hill surfaces,
with the development of processes such as internal and thermal boundary layers or
viii
Foreword II